Overdose Administration of Thermostable Newcastle Disease Vaccines to Naïve Unvaccinated 6 Weeks Old Cockerels at NVRI, Vom Plateau state, Nigeria

One hundred and fifty (150) unvaccinated 6 weeks old cockerel were divided into six groups of 25 birds each. Pre-vaccination haemagglutination inhibition (HI) mean titers values of 21.4, <21, 21 <21 21 and 21.6 were observed for groups A, B, C, D E and F respectively. Two batches of Newcastle Disease vaccine (NDVI-2) of 50 and 200 doses produced at National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, with EID50 value of 7.7 and 7.6 per dose were administered to groups B and D at 10x (10 times the normal dose) of NDVI-2 via the intra-ocular and intranasal routes. The rest of the groups were administered normal doses of NDVI-2 through the intra-ocular route. Consequently, 40% of the vaccinated birds were randomly selected and sero-monitored twice at 2 and 4 weeks intervals. No observable ND clinical signs were seen in both groups B and D irrespective of the vaccine over dosage. Post-vaccination (HI) immune profiling of the vaccinated flock revealed steady increase in the HI mean titer value per group, while groups B and D which had 10x the normal dose showed high response in comparison to groups that had NDVI-2 standard dose. HI immune profile results 2 weeks post-vaccination revealed HI mean titer values of 23.0, 24.0, 23.2 24.2 23.6 and 24.4 for groups A, B, C, D, E and F respectively; week 4 post-vaccination haemagglutination inhibition mean titer values of 23.6, 25.4, 23.0 25.7 25.2 and 24.0 for the respective groups. Week 8 HI mean titer values of 22.2, 21.8, 22.4 22.5 23.2 and 21.8 were equally observed. While week 12 HI mean titer values of 22.0, 21.8, 22.0 22.0 21.8 and 21.8 were recorded. Post-vaccination HI mean titer values showed that groups B and D with 10x the normal dose had no observable adverse clinical signs but rather high ND antibody response was observed in groups where overdose of standard NDVI-2 vaccine were administered and evidence of ND antibody depletion was equally observed in all the vaccinated groups irrespective of the dose administrated.

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Vaccination of broilers against Newcastle disease in the presence of maternally derived antibodies

Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G Großtiere / Nutztiere ◽

10.15653/tpg-160661 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 (03) ◽

pp. 151-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Máté Halas ◽

Tamás Süli ◽

Anto Vrdoljak

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Local Immunity ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Protection Rate ◽

Virulent Virus ◽

Important Means ◽

Test Points

Summary Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine against Newcastle disease in broilers with different levels of maternally derived antibodies (MDA). While vaccination remains the single most important means for controlling Newcastle disease, presence of MDA may interfere with the vaccination of young birds and decrease the efficacy of the vaccine. Materials and methods: Day-old chicks with variable levels of MDA (negative, low and high) were vaccinated with a live attenuated vaccine against Newcastle disease. Three most commonly used inoculation routes were compared; oculonasal, spray and oral (drinking water). Onset and duration of immunity were measured by serology and challenge with virulent virus. Results: Immune response in vaccinated MDA-positive birds was delayed in comparison with SPF controls. Protection was well established already at 14 days post vaccination in SPF birds while in MDA-positive birds it was 1–2 weeks delayed and was lower throughout the study. Non-vaccinated MDA-positive birds lost passive protection completely at 3–4 weeks of age and were significantly more susceptible to challenge than vaccinated hatch mates at all test points. The protection rate increased in vaccinated birds towards the end of the experiment and reached 70–100 % at the last test points (35–42 days of age). Correlation of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre vs. protection rate revealed the importance of cellular and local immunity as most of the vaccinated birds with low HI titre were protected, contrary to their unvaccinated hatch mates with the same HI titre. Oculonasal route seems to provide slightly better protection than the other two routes. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Although immune protection in vaccinated MDA-positive birds may be decreased or delayed, vaccination still provides high protection against ND challenge in comparison with the unvaccinated hatch mates. The degree of interference seems to be proportional to the level of MDA. Vaccination schedules therefore need to be designed according to the immune status of the flock.

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Isolation and pathotyping of Newcastle disease virus isolated from birds in Kerala

Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences ◽

10.51966/jvas.2021.52.3.245-249 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Vijayakumar K ◽

Vijayakumar K

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Viral Disease ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Death Time

Newcastle disease (ND) is a pandemic viral disease of poultry. It is highly contagious and causes high morbidity and mortality in affected flocks. The disease is caused by Avian orthoavulavirus 1, commonly known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV) belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. The virus affects almost 241 species of birds. Based on the pathogenicity, the virus is classified into five pathotypes viz., viscerotropic velogenic, neurotropic velogenic, mesogenic, lentogenic and asymptomatic enteric NDV. The severity of the disease varies with the viral pathotype. Isolation and identification along with pathotyping of the virus provides a basis for understanding the type of virus circulating in the region. In the present study, tissue samples from dead/ ailing birds showing lesions/clinical signs suggestive of ND were collected. They were subjected to virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs and identified by haemagglutination test and confirmed by haemagglutination inhibition test. Eight NDV isolates were obtained out of 55 tissue samples and were classified into pathotypes by intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) and mean death time (MDT). The ICPI values varied from 0.75 to 1.53 and MDT from 54 h. to 79.2 h. Out of eight isolates, three belonged to velogenic group and five were of mesogenic pathotype. The study revealed the circulation of virulent NDV in Kerala. The pathogenicity tests provide a basis for understanding the epidemiology of ND.

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Clinico-pathological and Immunohistochemistry of Newcastle Disease in Indigenous Chickens and Some Wild Birds in Plateau State, Nigeria

Journal of Advances in Microbiology ◽

10.9734/jamb/2019/v16i430129 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Kumbish, Peterside Rinle ◽

Oladele, Sunday Blessing ◽

Esievo, King Akpofure Nelson ◽

Ibrahim, Najume Doguwa Giginya ◽

Ahmed, James Saidu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Watery Diarrhoea ◽

Positive Staining ◽

Pulmonary Congestion ◽

Trade Restrictions ◽

Indigenous Chickens ◽

Plateau State ◽

Apparently Healthy

Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important avian diseases. Virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have the potential of rapid spread, and may cause serious economic impact and international trade restrictions for the poultry industry. The objective was to study the clinical, gross and histo-pathological and immunohistopathological changes of Newcastle disease infection in apparently healthy and sick indigenous chickens, ducks, pigeons and some wild birds in Plateau State. Methodology: The indigenous chickens used in this study were randomly selected from apparently healthy and from those with suggestive clinical signs of ND. A total of 638 birds were used for the study. Out of the total number of birds sampled, 349 were indigenous chickens, 98 pigeons, 96 ducks and 95 from different species of wild birds. Out of the number sampled from indigenous chickens, 169 (44.01%) were live birds, while 180 (46.90%) were carcasses. Tissues were collected from indigenous chickens, pigeons, ducks and some wild birds from both sick, and apparently healthy unvaccinated flocks to screen for the presence of NDV by immunohistochemical (IHC) techniques. The histopathology and immunohistochemistry were done using standard laboratory procedures. Results: Clinical signs observed in live birds generally varied from weakness, greenish watery diarrhoea, respiratory difficulty, anorexia and coughing, torticollis, droopy wings, paralysis, partial leg paralysis, and opisthotonos. Generally, the gross lesions in euthanized and dead birds were mostly hyperaemia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, moderate enlargement of the heart, petechial haemorrhages on the mucosa surface of the proventriculus and haemorrhagic tracheitis, congestion and moderate enlargement of the pancreas, pulmonary congestion and congested kidneys. Histopathological changes include lymphoid depletion and connective tissue proliferation, enteritis, pulmonary congestion and splenitis. A total of six samples (1.56%) out of 349 from indigenous chickens had positive staining for NDV antigen using IHC technique. While there were only two samples out of the 95 wild birds samples positive by IHC, both of the positive samples were from Red-eyed Dove (Streptopelia semitorquata), resulting in a 25% (2/8) positive rate from this species; had positive staining for NDV by immunohistochemistry. All IHC positive cases in this study, in both wild birds and indigenous chickens shared similar staining patterns. Conclusion: The study also shows that NDV antigens in wild birds and indigenous chickens concentrate more in the spleen, pancreas, trachea and proventriculus. This study, presents for the first time to the best of our knowledge that viral antigens (NDV) in wild birds and indigenous chickens were demonstrated by immunohistochemical technique in Plateau State, Nigeria.

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EFFECT OF PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI L. EXTRACT AS IMMUNOSTIMULATOR ON CHICKEN VACCINATED BY NEWCASTLE DISEASE

jurnal veteriner ◽

10.19087/jveteriner.2021.22.1.125 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 125-132

Author(s):

Jola Rahmahani ◽

Rahaju Ernawati ◽

Didik Handijatno

Keyword(s):

Antibody Titre ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Vaccination Program ◽

Not Given ◽

Poultry Industry ◽

Phyllanthus Niruri ◽

Antibody Synthesis ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Before And After

Newcastle Disease or tetelo is one of main problem in poultry Industry in Indonesia. Prevention such as biosecurity control and routin vaccination program have been conducted to overcome this problem, but they have not given any great impact. Phyllanthus Niruri L. or meniran is well known as immunostimulatory. This research was aimed to reveal effect of Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract on chicken vaccinated with live vaccine LaSota. Administration of Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract was conducted on three different time which were 7 days before vaccination, 1 days after vaccination, and 3 days before and after vaccination. The amount of Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract administered were 2 ml, 2.5 ml, and 3 ml orally. Data of antibody titre were collected for 4 weeks after the treatment. It was obtained by measuring the antibody through Haemagglutination Inhibition test each week. According to the result Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract could increase the amount of antibody titre against Newcastle Disease. The amount of Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract given that capable to induced maximum of antibody titre was administered 1 days after the vaccination with amount 2.5 ml. It is suggested that Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract should be administered post vaccination to boost antibody synthesis.

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Impacts of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccine on Newcastle Disease Vaccination and Protection in Parent Stock Flocks

Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.3329/bjm.v24i1.1240 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 62-64

Author(s):

M Rayhan Faruque ◽

Jens P Christensen

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Group A ◽

Parent Stock ◽

Group B ◽

The Impact ◽

Group D

The present study reports on the impact of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccination on vaccine respond and subsequent protection against Newcastle disease (ND) in parent stock flocks of Department of Livestock Services (DLS) using MG killed vaccine and conventional ND vaccines. Birds were grouped into four groups, each consisted of 50 birds from the same flock. Group A birds were vaccinated with ND, group B with ND and MG, group C with MG, and group D birds were kept as unvaccinated control. The parameters studied included detection of ND antibody, MG seroprevalance, mortality (%), and cause of death. The sera of groups B and C were sero-positive after administration of MG vaccine. The haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titres of group A were higher than group B from week 4 after administration of MG vaccine to the birds of group B. The mortality was very low; one bird of group C died at week 5 due to traumatic injury and another bird of group D died at week 2 due to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). After challenge, birds of groups A and B showed no clinical signs and normal post mortem findings were found. Birds of groups C and D showed clinical signs from day 3 and different pathological lesions were found in post mortem. The MG vaccination did not improve other parameters. Therefore, inoculation of MG INAC vaccine is not justified and is too expensive at farm levels.Keywords: Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccine, Newcastle disease (ND) vaccination, Protection, MortalityDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v24i1.1240 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 24, Number 1, June 2007, pp 62-64

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The Pathology of Vaccination of Chickens with Varying Doses of Lentogenic LaSota Strain of Newcastle Disease Virus

Nigerian Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/nvj.v41i1.8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 62-72

Author(s):

A.O. Igwe ◽

M.E. Sanda ◽

U.E.I. Nnsewo ◽

C.J. Okonkwo ◽

O. Onyebgula

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Lymphoid Hyperplasia ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Antibody Titres

Recently, it was demonstrated under laboratory conditions that increased doses of LaSota vaccine increased ND antibody response significantly in chickens. In this study, we have used the same model to investigate whether vaccination with increased doses of lentogenic LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus are associated with pathological changes in chickens. Four-week-old broiler chickens (n=100) were randomly assigned into four groups of 25 each: ZD, each drenched with phosphate-buffered saline, SD, DD and TD broilers were each drenched with single, double and triple dose of LaSota vaccine, respectively. The chickens were observed for clinical signs and lesions. Serum samples were collected from the chickens in all the groups at weekly intervals post inoculation (PV) and assayed for haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies. The vaccinated broilers showed no morbidity and mortality. Only the bursa of all the vaccinated groups appeared slightly reduced in size on day 10 PV. The histopathological changes were lymphoid hyperplasia and formation of germinal centres in the spleen and caecal tonsils from days 3 to 6 PV and mild depletion of bursal lymphocytes on day 10 PV. Generally, the integrity of the lymphoid organs was intact. Groups DD and TD antibody titres were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the SD on day 21 PV. This suggests that increased doses of LaSota vaccine does not cause pathologic impairment and may be considered in improving the performance of the vaccine in the control of velogenic ND. Key words: Newcastle disease, LaSota vaccine, pathology, broiler chickens

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Humoral response of broilers to live Newcastle Disease virus vaccines manufactured by different companies

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v10i3.4035 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 179-184

Author(s):

Muhammad Danish Mehmood ◽

Huma Anwar ◽

Aamra Hashim ◽

Muhammad Ismail ◽

Sajjad Hussain

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Booster Dose ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Humoral Response ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Vaccine Schedule ◽

Vaccination Scheme ◽

Time Periods

Increased incidence and severity of fatal Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in commercial and domestic poultry has been reported from across Pakistan. The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of various live NDV vaccines (Gallivac, Intervet and Ceva) by adapting different vaccination schemes in broilers. Antigenic count of each vaccine and its generated antibody were determined by Haeamagglutination and Haemagglutination inhibition tests respectively. Two different NDV vaccination schemes were tested in such a way that one group had received three vaccines in different time periods whereas, the other after priming at 0 day, was followed by a single booster dose. For this purpose, healthy broilers were divided into four groups A, B, C, and D. On zero day of vaccination, there was no detectable anti NDV-HI titer for all vaccines (Gallivac=2, Intervet=2 & Ceva=2). In first vaccination scheme, detectable anti NDV-HI titer was observed on 16th day of vaccination (Gallivac=3.8, Intervet=4.2 & Ceva=3.6). All vaccines showed protective anti NDV-HI titer on 32nd day, post vaccination (Gallivac=5.8, Intervet=6.2, Ceva=5.8). In second vaccination scheme, detectable anti NDV-HI titer was achieved on 16th day of post vaccination (Gallivac=3.8, Intervet=4.2 & Ceva=3.6). While on 32nd day vaccination, all vaccines showed protective anti NDV-HI titer (Gallivac=5.4, Intervet=5.6 & Ceva=5.2). It is concluded that the two-dose vaccination program, with interval of 12 days, is much effective than the 3-dose vaccination scheme. However, in broilers, anti-NDV antibody titer was induced by all three types of vaccines manufactured by various companies. Keywords: Newcastle disease virus, Humoral Response, Haemagglutination inhibition test, Vaccine schedule

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Isolation and identification of the Newcastle disease virus from field outbreaks in broiler and layer flocks in Iraq

The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.30539/iraqijvm.v41i1.73 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 23-27

Author(s):

Mushtaq T. B. AL-Zuhariy

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Sequence Similarity ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Death Time ◽

Polymerase Chain

Newcastle disease is one of serious pathological problems and causes of vast economic losses during 2011-2016 in Iraq. The disease caused high mortalities in all types of poultry nevertheless of vaccination. In this study all samples were collected from infected flocks with clinical signs of the disease. Inoculation of chicken embryonated eggs was carried out for virus isolation, identification, Haemagglutination and Haemagglutination Inhibition assay. Using Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction to confirm the presence of the virus, Intra Cerebral Pathogenicity Index and Mean Death Time were used to confirm all the isolates that were velogenic. The important determinant of Newcastle disease virus pathogenicity is fusion protein that has been used for phylogenetic analysis. sequencing and compared genetically of Newcastle disease virus Iraqi isolate to publish sequences acquired from GenBank showed 99% sequence similarity to the Iran isolate IRI 1392k (KJ176996.1). It can concluded from these data that introduction new virus was occurred in Iraq.

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Intraocular tuberculosis, a challenge in diagnosis and treatment

Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.25259/lajo_17_2019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 4

Author(s):

Martina Larroude ◽

Gustavo Ariel Budmann

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Steady Increase ◽

Ocular Tuberculosis ◽

Industrial Countries ◽

Choroidal Granuloma ◽

History Of ◽

And Migration ◽

Ocular Tb

Ocular tuberculosis (TB) is an extrapulmonary tuberculous condition and has variable manifestations. The incidence of TB is still high in developing countries, and a steady increase in new cases has been observed in industrial countries as a result of the growing number of immunodeficient patients and migration from developing countries. Choroidal granuloma is a rare and atypical location of TB. We present a case of a presumptive choroidal granuloma. This case exposes that diagnosis can be remarkably challenging when there is no history of pulmonary TB. The recognition of clinical signs of ocular TB is extremely important since it provides a clinical pathway toward tailored investigations and decision making for initiating anti-TB therapy and to ensure a close follow-up to detect the development of any complication.

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