Comparative Efficacies of Antimigraine Drugs Using Nitroglycerin Induced Migraine Rats Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Anson S. Maroky ◽  
V. Parthasarathy
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Behavioural Activity ◽  
Antimigraine Drugs ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Interaction Task ◽  
Nonpharmacological Intervention ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Aim: The migraine pathology is still not explained effectively. There is a common relationship between anxiety, depression, and migraine. So the aim of the study to illustrate effectively the behavioural and biomarker changes in the migraine condition. Methods: Nitroglycerin (NTG) induced migraine rats model was used the present study. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Ergotamine, sumatriptan, and BIBN4096 were used as antimigraine drugs. The behavioural activity was measured by scratching head, body shaking, and social interaction task. ELISA detected biomarkers like interleukin 6 (IL-6),                  Substance P (SP) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in various rats brain regions such as cortex, brain stem, trigeminal ganglion. Results: A significant reduction in hyperalgesic response and behavioral changes like scratching head, body shaking and social interaction task. Biomarkers like 5-HT, SP and IL-6 were significantly reduced in the various brain regions such as prefrontal cortex, brain stem and trigeminal ganglia of the rats in the BIBN4096 treated groups. Conclusion: The present study showed a good antimigraine efficacy with a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonistic agent BIBN4096 than ergotamine and sumatriptan but still lack of behavioural pattern, need to explore nonpharmacological intervention along with the drug treatment.

TIME COURSE OF CHANGES IN BRAIN SEROTONERGIC ACTIVITY AND BRAIN TRYPTOPHAN LEVELS IN DOMINANT AND SUBORDINATE JUVENILE ARCTIC CHARR

1993 ◽  
Vol 179 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-195
Author(s):  
S. Winberg ◽  
G. E. Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Arctic Charr ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Serotonergic Activity ◽  
Dominant Fish ◽  
The Brain

Concentrations of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and tryptophan (TRP, the amino acid precursor of 5-HT) were measured, and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios calculated, in the telencephalon, hypothalamus and brain stem of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) with 1–21 days experience of a dominant or subordinate position in a pair. Brain 5-HIAA levels and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios (an index of serotonergic activity) increased rapidly in all three areas of the brain in subordinate fish and remained high for up to 21 days. The brain stem 5-HIAA concentration in dominant fish showed a temporary increase after 1 day of social interaction, but returned to the control level 2 days later. The social interactions did not affect 5-HT concentrations in any of the brain regions. An initial, but temporary, increase in brain TRP concentration was seen in both subordinate and dominant fish. After 1–3 days of social interaction, brain TRP levels declined. This decline was most pronounced in subordinate individuals which, after 7 and 21 days, had hypothalamic TRP concentrations significantly lower than those of controls. Moreover, TRP levels in the telencephalon after 21 days, and in the hypothalamus after 7 days, were significantly lower in subordinate individuals than in dominant fish. These results show that subordinate experience rapidly causes a sustained increase in brain 5-HT metabolism which does not correlate with changes in brain TRP levels. Thus, the increases in brain 5-HIAA concentration and in brain 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios probably reflect an increase in functional 5-HT release, a phenomenon that appears to have a wide distribution in the brain.

Altered cholinergic metabolism and muscarinic receptor linked second messenger pathways after chronic exposure to dichlorvos in rat brain

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geetu Raheja ◽  
Kiran Dip Gill
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Muscarinic Receptor ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Second Messenger ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Choline Uptake ◽  
Maximal Effect ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Messenger System ◽  
Second Messenger Pathways

Chronic dichlorvos exposure (6mg/kg b.wt/day) for a period of 8 weeks resulted in significant reduction in body weight gain of the male Wistar rats. However, the dietary intake remained unchanged in experimental animals following dichlorvos treatment. Activity of the synthesizing enzyme of acetylcholine (ACh) ie, choline acetyltransferase, was found to be significantly increased and the activity of hydrolyzing enzyme, acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), was inhibited in all the three brain regions studied. Chronic dichlorvos treatment also caused significant reduction in both high affinity (HA) and low affinity (LA) choline uptake (CU), with maximal effect being observed in the brain stem followed by cerebellum and cerebrum. Muscarinic receptor binding was significantly decreased in brain stem and cerebellum as reflected in the decreased receptor number (Bmax), without any change in the binding affinity (Kd) of the receptors. Dichlorvos treatment caused marked inhibition in cAMP synthesis as indicated by decreased adenylate cyclase activity as well as cAMP levels in cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. Our study shows that organophosphates may interact with muscarinic receptor-linked second messenger system and this could be a potential mechanism for the neurotoxic effects observed after repeated exposure to low levels of organophosphates, which are unexplainable on the basis of cholinergic hyperactivity. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2007; 23: 25—37.

scholarly journals Emotional Reactions to Music in Dementia Patients and Healthy Controls: Differential Responding Depends on the Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 205920432110101
Author(s):  
Gonçalo T. Barradas ◽  
Patrik N. Juslin ◽  
Sergi Bermúdez i Badia
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Geriatric Depression Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Brain Stem Reflex

Music is frequently regarded as a unique way to connect with dementia patients. Yet little is known about how persons with dementia respond emotionally to music. Are their responses different from those of healthy listeners? If so, why? The present study makes a first attempt to tackle these issues in a Portuguese context, with a focus on psychological mechanisms. In Experiment 1, featuring 20 young and healthy adults, we found that musical excerpts which have previously been shown to activate specific emotion induction mechanisms (brain stem reflex, contagion, episodic memory, musical expectancy) in Sweden were valid and yielded predicted emotions also in Portugal, as indexed by self-reported feelings, psychophysiology, and post hoc mechanism indices. In Experiment 2, we used the same stimuli to compare the responses of 20 elderly listeners diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with those of 20 healthy listeners. We controlled for cognitive functioning (Mini-Mental State Examination) and depression (Geriatric Depression Scale). Our predictions about how mechanisms would be differentially affected by decline in brain regions associated with AD received support in that AD patients reported significantly lower levels of (a) sadness in the contagion condition, (b) happiness and nostalgia in the episodic memory condition, and (c) anxiety in the musical expectancy condition. By contrast, no significant difference in reported surprise was found in the brain stem reflex condition. Implications for musical interventions aimed at dementia are discussed, highlighting the key role that basic research may play in developing applications.

scholarly journals Disminución de la ansiedad en las víctimas del bullying durante el confinamiento por el COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (65) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Isabel Gómez León
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Victim Group ◽  
Salud Mental ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Victims Of Bullying

Los factores estresantes asociados a la pandemia por el COVID 19 han tenido importantes consecuencias en la salud mental de muchos adolescentes, sin embargo, es posible que este confinamiento junto con los medios digitales disponibles para el aprendizaje y la interacción social hayan supuesto un alivio para aquellos que eran víctimas de bullying. En esta investigación se comparan las puntuaciones que han obtenido 276 adolescentes (94 víctimas de bullying y 182 no víctimas) de entre 12 y 14 años, en ansiedad, depresión, rendimiento académico y ciberbullying antes y después del confinamiento. Antes del confinamiento las víctimas obtuvieron puntuaciones significativamente mayores en ansiedad, depresión y ciberbullying y menores en rendimiento académico. Durante el confinamiento las diferencias en ansiedad se invirtieron, siendo significativamente menores en el caso de las víctimas de bullying, quienes, además, obtuvieron puntuaciones significativamente menores en depresión y en ciberbullying que antes de la pandemia. Sin embargo, el rendimiento académico descendió significativamente en el grupo no-víctimas mientras que no se apreciaron cambios significativos en las puntuaciones de ciberbullying. The stressors associated with the pandemic by COVID 19 have had important consequences on the mental health of many adolescents, however, it is possible that this confinement along with the digital media available for learning and social interaction have provided relief for those who were victims of bullying.. This research compares the scores obtained by 76 adolescents (94 victims of bullying and 182 not victims) between 12 and 14 years old, in anxiety, depression, academic performance and cyberbullying before and after confinement. Before confinement, the victims obtained significantly higher scores in anxiety, depression and cyberbullying and lower scores in academic performance. During confinement, the differences in anxiety were reversed, being significantly lower in the case of victims of bullying, who also obtained significantly lower scores in depression and cyberbullying than before confinement. However, academic performance decreased significantly in the non-victim group, while no significant changes in cyberbullying scores were observed.

scholarly journals THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LOCATION OF BRAIN LESION AND FINDINGS OF FLEXIBLE ENDOSCOPIC EVALUATION OF SWALLOWING (FEES) IN STROKE PATIENTS: WHICH EXERCISE IS BENEFICIAL?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Widjajalaksmi Kusumaningsih ◽  
Nur Indah Lestari ◽  
Herdiman Purba
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cortical Lesion ◽  
Neurogenic Dysphagia ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Subcortical Lesion ◽  
Strengthening Exercise

Abstract Background: Dysphagia is a frequent occurrence following stroke. Various brain regions have been shown to control deglutition. However, it is still controversial as to which of the two hemispheres plays more important role in deglutition, and which injured hemisphere is more likely to cause the specific patterns of dysphagia seen in stroke patients. An accurate estimate of the incidence of dysphagia will be critical to assess benefits of dysphagia interventions. Objective: To investigate whether patterns of dysphagia are associated with the location of brain lesion in stroke patients and to examine whether pharyngeal strengthening exercise and hyolaryngeal exercise are proper for patients, based on the findings of FEES and location of brain lesion. Methods: The subjects were stroke outpatients who visited our clinic from January 2016 to April 2018. To localize brain lesion, Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) have been employed. The locations of brain lesions were classified into cortical, subcortical, and brain stem. FEES was conducted to assess the patterns of deglutition disorders. These data were collected via retrospective chart review. Results: Of the 11 subjects, mean age (SD) was 62.73 (8.67) years and seven (63.64%) subjects were male. All subjects got ischemic stroke, eight (72.73%) had right hemispheric lesion and three (27.27%) had left hemispheric lesion. By brain lesion, there were nine subcortical, five cortical, and four brain stem lesions. All FEES findings, especially standing secretion, penetration, residue, and reduced hypopharynx sensitivity were higher in subcortical lesion, followed by brain stem and cortical lesion successively. Conclusion: Right hemisphere was involved more than left hemisphere in dysphagia patients. Standing secretion, penetration, residue, and reduced hypopharynx sensitivity occurs more often in subcortical lesion. Further studies on big samples in a perspective structure are needed. Based on this result, there is a place for pharyngeal strengthening exercise and hyolaryngeal complex range of motion and strengthening exercise to be implemented to the patients with neurogenic dysphagia after stroke.

Science

2019 ◽  
pp. 257-269
Author(s):  
Candy Gunther Brown
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Behavioral Therapies ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Citation Bias ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Meditative Practices

Chapter 12 contextualizes scientific claims about health benefits and considers evidence of adverse effects. The chapter argues that scientific support for school-based yoga, mindfulness, and meditation is weaker than often claimed and falls short of demonstrating that programs are secular, safe, or superior to alternatives. Low-quality studies report health benefits, using uncontrolled, pre-post designs, or nonactive controls, with small sample sizes, and high risk of bias, including expectation bias, researcher allegiance, publication bias, and citation bias; higher quality studies show less efficacy. Scientific evidence is not equivalent to evidence of secularity; research studies report that meditation in religious contexts, as well as prayer and Bible reading, can benefit health and activate specific brain regions. Some participants report challenging experiences with meditative practices, including anxiety, depression, physical pain, reexperiencing of traumatic memories, anger, and suicidality. Meditative practices may be contraindicated for participants with a history of trauma, PTSD, addiction, psychosis, anxiety, depression, or suicidality. Research shows that alternatives, such as aerobic exercise, math, music, nutritious food, or different behavioral therapies, can produce comparable benefits, including training the brain through neuroplasticity. Yet marketers rarely disclose risks of adverse effects, screen for contraindications, or provide information about alternatives.

Symptoms, Related Brain Regions, and Diagnosis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric Ahlskog
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

As a prelude to the treatment chapters that follow, we need to define and describe the types of problems and symptoms encountered in DLB and PDD. The clinical picture can be quite varied: problems encountered by one person may be quite different from those encountered by another person, and symptoms that are problematic in one individual may be minimal in another. In these disorders, the Lewy neurodegenerative process potentially affects certain nervous system regions but spares others. Affected areas include thinking and memory circuits, as well as movement (motor) function and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates primary functions such as bladder, bowel, and blood pressure control. Many other brain regions, by contrast, are spared or minimally involved, such as vision and sensation. The brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system. The interface between the brain and spinal cord is by way of the brain stem, as shown in Figure 4.1. Thought, memory, and reasoning are primarily organized in the thick layers of cortex overlying lower brain levels. Volitional movements, such as writing, throwing, or kicking, also emanate from the cortex and integrate with circuits just below, including those in the basal ganglia, shown in Figure 4.2. The basal ganglia includes the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra, as illustrated in Figure 4.2. Movement information is integrated and modulated in these basal ganglia nuclei and then transmitted down the brain stem to the spinal cord. At spinal cord levels the correct sequence of muscle activation that has been programmed is accomplished. Activated nerves from appropriate regions of the spinal cord relay the signals to the proper muscles. Sensory information from the periphery (limbs) travels in the opposite direction. How are these signals transmitted? Brain cells called neurons have long, wire-like extensions that interface with other neurons, effectively making up circuits that are slightly similar to computer circuits; this is illustrated in Figure 4.3. At the end of these wire-like extensions are tiny enlargements (terminals) that contain specific biological chemicals called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are released when the electrical signal travels down that neuron to the end of that wire-like process.

scholarly journals Chronic L-Name-Treatment Produces Hypertension by Different Mechanisms in Peripheral Tissues and Brain: Role of Central eNOS

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Olga Pechanova ◽  
Stanislava Vrankova ◽  
Martina Cebova
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Enos Expression ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Nos Isoforms ◽  
The Brain

The goal of our study was to analyze the time course of the effect of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms and nuclear factor–κB (NF-κB) protein expression, total NOS activity, and blood pressure (BP) in rats. Adult 12-week-old male Wistar rats were subjected to treatment with L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day) for four and seven weeks. BP was increased after 4- and 7-week L-NAME treatments. NOS activity decreased after 4-week-L-NAME treatment; however, the 7-week treatment increased NOS activity in the aorta, heart, and kidney, while it markedly decreased NOS activity in the brainstem, cerebellum, and brain cortex. The 4-week-L-NAME treatment increased eNOS expression in the aorta, heart, and kidney and this increase was amplified after 7 weeks of treatment. In the brain regions, eNOS expression remained unchanged after 4-week L-NAME treatment and prolonged treatment led to a significant decrease of eNOS expression in these tissues. NF-κB expression increased in both peripheral and brain tissues after 4 weeks of treatment and prolongation of treatment decreased the expression in the aorta, heart, and kidney. In conclusion, decreased expression of eNOS in the brain regions after 7-week L-NAME treatment may be responsible for a remarkable decrease of NOS activity in these regions. Since the BP increase persisted after 7 weeks of L-NAME treatment, we hypothesize that central regulation of BP may contribute significantly to L-NAME-induced hypertension.

scholarly journals Environmental Enrichment Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Alters Detoxifying Enzymes in an A53T α-Synuclein Transgenic Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 928
Author(s):  
Jung Hwa Seo ◽  
Seong-Woong Kang ◽  
Kyungri Kim ◽  
Soohyun Wi ◽  
Jang Woo Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Detoxifying Enzymes

Although environmental enrichment (EE) is known to reduce oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease (PD), the metabolic alternations for detoxifying endogenous and xenobiotic compounds according to various brain regions are not fully elucidated yet. This study aimed to further understand the role of EE on detoxifying enzymes, especially those participating in phase I of metabolism, by investigating the levels of enzymes in various brain regions such as the olfactory bulb, brain stem, frontal cortex, and striatum. Eight-month-old transgenic PD mice with the overexpression of human A53T α-synuclein and wild-type mice were randomly allocated to either standard cage condition or EE for 2 months. At 10 months of age, the expression of detoxifying enzymes was evaluated and compared with wild-type of the same age raised in standard cages. EE improved neurobehavioral outcomes such as olfactory and motor function in PD mice. EE-treated mice showed that oxidative stress was attenuated in the olfactory bulb, brain stem, and frontal cortex. EE also reduced apoptosis and induced cell proliferation in the subventricular zone of PD mice. The overexpression of detoxifying enzymes was observed in the olfactory bulb and brain stem of PD mice, which was ameliorated by EE. These findings were not apparent in the other experimental regions. These results suggest the stage of PD pathogenesis may differ according to brain region, and that EE has a protective effect on the PD pathogenesis by decreasing oxidative stress.

Genomic analysis of neuroendocrine development of fetal brain-pituitary-adrenal axis in late gestation

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen Keller-Wood ◽  
Melanie J. Powers ◽  
Jason A. Gersting ◽  
Nyima Ali ◽  
Charles E. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Genomic Expression ◽  
Feedback Sensitivity ◽  
Critical Components

The present study was performed to identify the changes in genomic expression of critical components of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the second half of gestation in fetal sheep. We isolated mRNA from pituitary, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and brain stem in fetal sheep at 80, 100, 120, 130, and 145 days of gestation and 1 and 7 days after delivery ( n = 4–5/group). Using real-time RT-PCR, we measured mRNA expression levels of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 (sgk1), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), CRF, and arginine vasopressin (AVP). Both MR and GR were highly expressed in pituitary and hippocampus; in all tissues GR was more highly expressed than MR. AVP was more highly expressed than CRF in hypothalamus. MR, GR, and sgk1 expression were increased postnatally in brain stem, and sgk1 expression was increased postnatally in hypothalamus. GR expression was reduced in pituitary in term fetuses compared with younger ages. Hypothalamic CRF expression was increased at the end of gestation compared with younger ages, and AVP expression was increased in newborn lambs. Pituitary POMC was increased at 100 days of gestation compared with 80 days; hypothalamic POMC was increased at 120 days. Overall, the results demonstrate the expression of both MR and GR in brain regions important for control of the HPA axis. Decreases in expression of GR in pituitary at the end of gestation might contribute to the decreased corticosteroid negative feedback sensitivity at term in this species.

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