scholarly journals ZnO-Activated Carbon Blended as a Catalyst for Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 881-887
Author(s):  
Wega Trisunaryanti ◽  
Maria Ulfa ◽  
Yatim Lailun Nikmah ◽  
Satriyo Dibyo Sumbogo ◽  
Safa Annissa Novianti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Desulfurization Process ◽  
Physical Blending

The problem of sulfur content in heavy oil is a challenge for researchers to meet the needs of environmentally friendly fuels. The catalyst preparation plays an important role in the desulfurization process. The synthesis of ZnO-activated carbon as a catalyst and its activity in oxidative desulfurization (ODS) reaction has been successfully carried out. In this work, the ZnO and activated carbon (AC) were blended by a solid-solid reaction. The ZnO, AC, and ZnO-AC were then characterized using acidity test with pyridine vapor adsorption, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). ODS of dibenzothiophene (DBT) reaction was performed by using H2O2 under variation of the reaction time (30, 60, 120, and 150 min) for the ZnO-AC catalyst. The efficiency of ODS-DBT was analyzed by a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The XRD analysis result showed that ZnO-AC blended displays new crystal peaks of Zn in the AC diffractogram. The surface area (734.351 m2/g) and acidity (4.8780 mmol/g) of ZnO-AC were higher than ZnO and AC themselves. ZnO-AC produced the highest efficiency of ODS-DBT which was 93.83% in the reaction time of 120 min. Therefore, the simple procedure of this physical blending was proved effective to homogenize between ZnO and AC into ZnO-AC so that it has good physicochemical properties as an ODS-DBT catalyst. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

scholarly journals Removal of Congo Red Dye using Synthesised Copper(II) Activated Carbon from Date Seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nur rahimah Said ◽  
Hazirah Syahirah Zakria ◽  
Siti Nor Atika Baharin ◽  
Nurul' Ain Jamion
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Red Dye

Azo dyes are recognised as contaminants from the textile and printing industries that lead to human toxicity. Copper(II) activated carbon (CuAC) is an effective removal agent of dyes in these industries. The purpose of this study is to synthesise and characterise CuAC from date seeds. In addition, the efficiency of CuAC as a removal of Congo red (CR) in aqueous solution is also studied. Activated carbon (AC) was prepared from date seeds using phosphoric acid as activating agent, followed by activation process in a furnace at 500 ℃ for 2 hours. Copper(II) nitrate was used in the impregnation of AC to produce CuAC. The AC and CuAC were characterised using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), BET surface area (SBET), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). UV-VIS Spectroscopy was used to determine dye concentrations after treatment with removal agent of CuAC. The characterisation data proved that the CuAC has been successfully synthesised with 0.33% Cu(II) loaded onto AC and its surface area increased from 8.37 m2/g to 384.82 m2/g. The dye removal study was conducted at 10 ppm concentration of dye. Result revealed that 0.2 g of CuAC at pH 2 in 90 min removed 100% of CR dye.

scholarly journals Effect of KOH Activator on the Performance of Activated Carbon from Oil Palm Kernel Shell as Supercapacitor Electrode Material

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yola Azli Perdana ◽  
Rahma Joni ◽  
Emriadi Emriadi ◽  
Hemansyah Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Scanning Electron

Karbon aktif dari cangkang kelapa sawit sebagai bahan elektroda superkapasitor telah diteliti. Superkapasitor dirangkai dengan metoda plat/sandwich yang dipisahkan oleh separator. Untuk mendapatkan nilai kapasitansi yang besar dilakukan variasi jumlah aktivator terhadap karbon menggunakan aktivator KOH. Sifat fisikokimia dari karbon aktif diteliti dengan melakukan karakterisasi menggunakan XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray) dan SAA (Surface Area Analyzer) dan sifat elektrokimianya diteliti dengan pengukuran CV (Cyclic Voltammetry). Karbon aktif dengan perbandingan 1:5 memiliki luas permukaan yang paling besar yaitu 793,326 m2/g dan nilai kapasitansi spesifik tertinggi yaitu 99,151 F/g. The activated carbon from oil palm kernel shell as an electrode material for supercapacitors has been investigated. The supercapasitor was assembled by plate/sandwich methods. Both electrodes were separated by using a separator. To increase the capacitancy value, variations in the number of activators on carbon were carried out using KOH activator. The physicochemical properties of activated carbon were investigated by characterizing using XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray) and SAA (Surface Area Analyzer) and the electrochemical properties were investigated by measuring CV (Cyclic Voltammetry). Activated carbon with a ratio of 1:5 has the largest surface area of 793,326 m2/g and the highest specific capacitance value is 99,151 F/g.Keywords: activated carbon, supercapasitor, activator, surface area, specific capacitance

scholarly journals Trimesic Acid-Functionalized Chitosan: A Novel And Efficient Multifunctional Organocatalyst For Green Synthesis of Polyhydroquinolines And Acridinediones Under Mild Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahman Beiranvand ◽  
Mohammad G. Dekamin
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
One Pot ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Trimesic Acid ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Hantzsch Condensation

Abstract Trimesic acid-functionalized chitosan (Cs/ECH-TMA) material was prepared through a simple procedure by using chitosan (Cs), epichlorohydrin (ECH) and trimesic acid (TMA). The obtained bio-based Cs/ECH-TMA material was characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The Cs/ECH-TMA material was successfully used, as a multifunctional heterogeneous and sustainable catalyst, for efficient and expeditious synthesis of medicinally important polyhydroquinoline (PHQ) and polyhydroacridinedione (PHA) scaffolds through the Hantzsch condensation in a one-pot reaction. Indeed, the heterogeneous Cs/ECH-TMA material can be considered as a synergistic multifunctional organocatalyst due to the presence of a large number of acidic active sites in its structure as well as hydrophilicity. Both PHQs and PHAs were synthesized in the presence of biodegradable heterogeneous Cs/ECH-TMA catalytic system from their corresponding substrates in EtOH under reflux conditions and high to quantitative yields. The Cs/ECH-TMA catalyst is recyclable and can be reused at least four times without significant loss of its catalytic activity.

CuO Microspheres Synthesized via the Easy Hydrothermal Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 84-87
Author(s):  
Xiao Ming Fu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Hydrothermal Method ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cuo Microspheres ◽  
Scanning Electron

CuO microspheres are successfully synthesized with CuCl2 as copper source and Na2CO3 as auxiliary salt at 240 °C for 24 h via the easy hydrothermal method. The phase and the morphologies of the samples have been characterized and analyzed by XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (Scanning electron microscope), respectively. XRD analysis shows that the phase of as obtained samples is CuO. SEM analysis confirms that the increase of the reaction time, the reaction temperature and the auxiliary salt is propitious to synthesize CuO microspheres.

Synthesis of CuO Flower-Nanostructure via the Hydrothermal Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 873 ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
Xiao Ming Fu ◽  
Jie Ren
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Hydrothermal Method ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

CuO flower-nanostructures are successfully synthesized with CuCl2 as copper source and Na2CO3 as auxiliary salt at 180 °C for 24 h via the simple hydrothermal method. The phase and the morphologies of the samples have been characterized and analyzed by XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (Scanning electron microscope), respectively. XRD analysis shows that the phase of as obtained samples is CuO. SEM analysis confirms that the increase of the reaction temperature is propitious to synthesize CuO flower-nanostructures while the increase of the reaction time is not in favor of their synthesis. The influence of the increase of the auxiliary salt on the morphology of CuO flower-nanostructures is not remarkable. The mechanism of the formation of CuO flower-nanostructure is discussed.

Leached Residue Characterization of Manganese-Bamboo Saw Dust Blend: An X-Ray Diffraction Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 1087 ◽  
pp. 370-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhaina Ismail ◽  
Hashim Hussin ◽  
Syed Fuad Saiyid Hashim ◽  
Norazharuddin Shah Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Diffraction Study ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Saw Dust ◽  
Leaching Reaction

Manganese-bamboo sawdust leached residue (MBLR) is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of leaching reaction time on the MBLR. The initial solids of low grade manganese (LGMO) ore and bamboo sawdust (BSD) as reducing agent, as well as the leach residues, were characterized. XRD analysis showed that the pyrolusite peak has not been found in the LGMO leached residue and the peak corresponding to quartz and goethite has diminished, compared to XRD peaks of initial LGMO. The calculated crystallinity of the BSD residue has decreased from 56.12% to 52.65%. This indicated that the crystalline portion of cellulose was readily hydrolyzed during the leaching process.

Identification of acid-insoluble filter-plugging compounds and optimal acid-washing procedures for tubular backpulse pressure filters

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
KEVIN TAYLOR ◽  
RICH ADDERLY ◽  
GAVIN BAXTER
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Sulfamic Acid ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Metal Sulfides ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gypsum Formation ◽  
Acid Washing ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Over time, performance of tubular backpulse pressure filters in kraft mills deteriorates, even with regular acid washing. Unscheduled filter replacement due to filter plugging results in significant costs and may result in mill downtime. We identified acid-insoluble filter-plugging materials by scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis in both polypropylene and Gore-Tex™ membrane filter socks. The major filter-plugging components were calcium sulfate (gypsum), calcium phosphate (hydroxylapatite), aluminosilicate clays, metal sulfides, and carbon. We carried out detailed sample analysis of both the standard acid-washing procedure and a modified procedure. Filter plugging by gypsum and metal sulfides appeared to occur because of the acid-washing procedure. Gypsum formation on the filter resulted from significant hydrolysis of sulfamic acid solution at temperatures greater than 130°F. Modification of the acid-washing procedure greatly reduced the amount of gypsum and addition of a surfactant to the acid reduced wash time and mobilized some of the carbon from the filter. With surfactant, acid washing was 95% complete after 40 min.

scholarly journals Hydrochloric Acid Modification and Lead Removal Studies on Naturally Occurring Zeolites from Nevada, New Mexico, and Arizona

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1238
Author(s):  
Garven M. Huntley ◽  
Rudy L. Luck ◽  
Michael E. Mullins ◽  
Nick K. Newberry
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Lead Removal ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
27Al Mas Nmr ◽  
Modified Zeolites

Four naturally occurring zeolites were examined to verify their assignments as chabazites AZLB-Ca and AZLB-Na (Bowie, Arizona) and clinoptilolites NM-Ca (Winston, New Mexico) and NV-Na (Ash Meadows, Nevada). Based on powder X-ray diffraction, NM-Ca was discovered to be mostly quartz with some clinoptilolite residues. Treatment with concentrated HCl (12.1 M) acid resulted in AZLB-Ca and AZLB-Na, the chabazite-like species, becoming amorphous, as confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. In contrast, NM-Ca and NV-Na, which are clinoptilolite-like species, withstood boiling in concentrated HCl acid. This treatment removes calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, aluminum, and iron atoms or ions from the framework while leaving the silicon framework intact as confirmed via X-ray fluorescence and diffraction. SEM images on calcined and HCl treated NV-Na were obtained. BET surface area analysis confirmed an increase in surface area for the two zeolites after treatment, NM-Ca 20.0(1) to 111(4) m2/g and NV-Na 19.0(4) to 158(7) m2/g. 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR were performed on the natural and treated NV-Na zeolite, and the data for the natural NV-Na zeolite suggested a Si:Al ratio of 4.33 similar to that determined by X-Ray fluorescence of 4.55. Removal of lead ions from solution decreased from the native NM-Ca, 0.27(14), NV-Na, 1.50(17) meq/g compared to the modified zeolites, 30 min HCl treated NM-Ca 0.06(9) and NV-Na, 0.41(23) meq/g, and also decreased upon K+ ion pretreatment in the HCl modified zeolites.

A study on using expanded perlite with hydroxyapatite: Reinforced bio-composites

2021 ◽  
pp. 095441192199656
Author(s):  
Erdoğan Karip ◽  
Mehtap Muratoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Cold Isostatic Pressing ◽  
Expanded Perlite ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Pressing Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Ft Ir

People are exposed to different kinds of diseases or various accidents in life. Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely employed for bone treatment applications. In this study, HA was extracted from sheep bones. Bio-composites were doped with 1, 5, and 10 wt.% of expanded perlite and 5 wt.% of ZrO2–MgO-P2O5. The bio-composites were prepared by the cold isostatic pressing method (250 MPa) and sintered at 900°C for 1 h. In order to evaluate the characteristics of the bio-composites, microhardness, density, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were carried out on them. Additionally, the specimens whose characteristics were determined were kept in synthetic body fluid (SBF), and their in vitro behavior was examined. As a result, it was observed that microhardness increased as both the weight and the grain size of the expanded perlite were increased. Calcium silicate, tri-calcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite were observed in the XRD analysis of all samples, and the formation of apatite structures was increased by addition of ZrO2–MgO–P2O5.

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