scholarly journals The Functional-Cognitive Characteristics of Interrogative Utterances in Modern Ukrainian

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Navalna ◽  
Nataliia Kostusiak ◽  
Oleksandr Mezhov
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Qualitative Feature ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Feature Identification ◽  
Simple Sentence ◽  
Cognitive Characteristics ◽  
Communicative Intention ◽  
Evaluative Attitude ◽  
Interrogative Sentence

The Functional-Cognitive Characteristics of Interrogative Utterances in Modern UkrainianThe article presents a comprehensive multifaceted description of interrogative sentences in terms of the interaction of their semantic-syntactic (syntaxeme) and formal-grammatical articulation with their communicative articulation (relevant). The syntaxeme structure of interrogative sentences is determined according to the communicative intentions of the speaker. In particular, the following substantial syntaxemes, which serve as a means of modelling questions, are outlined: 1) the indefinite-interrogative subject of an action (physical, locative, intellectual, verbal); 2) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a state (physical, psycho-emotional, intellectual, locative, emotional-evaluative attitude, possessive); 3) the indefinite-interrogative subject of qualification feature, identification; 4) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a qualitative feature; 5) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a process; 6) the indefinite-interrogative object of an action (physical, intellectual-mental, verbal, perceptual); 7) the indefinite-interrogative object of a state (desire, intellectual); 8) the indefinite-interrogative object of a process (physical, psycho-emotional); 9) the indefinite-interrogative object of a qualitative feature; 10) the indefinite-interrogative addressee of an action or state; 11) the indefinite-interrogative means or instrument of an action; 12) the indefinite-interrogative locative.All of these syntaxemes replace the positions of controlled subordinate parts in the formal-syntactic structure of a simple sentence. The emphasis is placed on interrogative words in the field of adverbial syntaxemes, in particular time, reasons, purposes, conditions, manner, and sources of information, which at the formal-syntactic level remain in the position of determinants — subordinate parts of the sentence. The specifics of the thematic-rhematic articulation of interrogative utterances and their communicative variants are examined. It is found that the communicative intention of the speaker’s request determines the intonation type of the question (full dictal, partial dictal, full modal, partial modal), and the syntaxeme and formal structure of the interrogative sentence. The communicative intention also determines the semantic, morphological and positional variants of the interrogative marker. It is observed that interrogative words are usually positioned at the beginning of the sentence and form the rheme of the sentence. Funkcjonalno-kognitywna charakterystyka zdań interrogatywnych we współczesnym języku ukraińskimAutorzy dokonują kompleksowego i wieloaspektowego opisu zdań interrogatywnych w planie interakcji ich wymowy semantyczno-syntaktycznej (syntaksemowej) i formalno-gramatycznej z ich wymową komunikacyjną (relewantną). Struktura syntaksemowa zdań interrogatywnych jest określana w zależności od intencji komunikacyjnej mówiącego. W szczególności zarysowują się następujące istotne syntaksemy, które służą do modelowania pytań: 1) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot czynności (fizyczny, lokatywny, intelektualny, werbalny); 2) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot stanu (fizyczny, psycho-emocjonalny, intelektualny, lokatywny, stosunek emocjonalno-oceniający, zaborczy); 3) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot cechy kwalifikacyjnej, identyfikacyjnej; 4) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot cechy jakościowej; 5) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot procesu; 6)  nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot czynności (fizycznej, intelektualno-mentalnej, werbalnej, percepcyjnej); 7) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot stanu (pożądanego, intelektualnego); 8) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot procesu (fizycznego, psychiczno-emocjonalnego); 9) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot cechy jakościowej; 10) nieokreślony-interrogatywny adresat czynności lub stanu; 11) nieokreślony-interrogatywny środek lub narzędzie czynności; 12) nieokreślony-interrogatywny miejscownik.Wszystkie te syntaksemy zastępują pozycje członów podrzędnych w strukturze formalno-syntaktycznej zdania prostego. W zakresie składni przysłówkowej nacisk położony jest na wyrazy pytające, w szczególności o czas, przyczyny, cele, warunki, sposób i źródła informacji, które na poziomie formalnosyntaktycznym pozostają w pozycji determinantów — części podrzędnych zdania. Badana jest specyfika artykulacji tematyczno-rematycznej wypowiedzi interrogatywnych i ich wariantów komunikacyjnych. Stwierdza się, że intencja komunikacyjna prośby mówiącego decyduje o typie intonacyjnym pytania oraz o strukturze składniowej i formalnej zdania pytającego. Intencja komunikacyjna determinuje również warianty semantyczne, morfologiczne i pozycyjne znacznika interrogatywnego. Stwierdza się, że wyrazy interrogatywne są zwykle umieszczane na początku zdania i tworzą jego remat.

scholarly journals Moving in a Gyre: A Discourse Analysis of President Rouhani’s De Facto Inaugural Speech

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Rahman Sahragard ◽  
Meisam Moghadam
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Lexical Choice ◽  
Inaugural Speech ◽  
Political Groups

<em>The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the discourse of the de facto inaugural speech presented by president Rouhani while receiving his presidential percept from the leader, to seek the ideology beyond his speech and to detect the point that to which of discourses, reformists’ or principalists’, Rouhani’s discourse belong to. Based on Dijk’s socio-cognitive model of critical discourse analysis the selected corpus’ ideological and persuasive components are assessed. To this end and based on the model, the historical, political or social background of the election is discussed firstly. Then, the political groups and parties, specifically reformists and principalists, their ideologies and power relations are elaborated. Finally, based on the examination of all formal structure, lexical choice and syntactic structure, the presupposed and the implied notions are made explicit, to determine the ideology beyond the formal text. Comparing the extracted notions from the speech with the polarized viewpoints of two political parties, it was concluded that Rouhani tried to keep the golden middle path while presenting his ideas, trying to introduce himself a moderate person and base all his plans on moderation. His speech revealed the strategies to move in a gyre of ideas trying to avoid condemning any party or person of eminence in line to keep all parties in one line to make his move.</em>

scholarly journals STRUCTURE SHIFT IN INDONESIAN – ENGLISH TRANSLATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
I Ketut Subagia ◽  
I Made Astu Mahayana
Keyword(s):  
Level Structure ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Level Shift ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Simple Sentence ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
Descriptive Method

Structure shift is one of the problems in translations. This problem is important to be dealt with because it is the most frequent category occurring at all rank in translation. Besides, in grammar structure shift can occur at all ranks. The discussion about structure shift only covers structure shift in phrase, clause, and sentence level. This research used the translation theory proposed by J.C. Catford (1965). He states that shift is departure from formal correspondence in the process of going form the SL to the TL. He also states that there are two kinds of shift in translating, namely level-shift and category-shift. Category shift means the change of formal structure of the SL, in process of translating into the TL. The data source is taken from four bilingual folklores. Data collecting used observation method and descriptive method was employed in analyzing the data. The findings show that in phrase level structure shift found only in noun and adjective phrase. The shifts in noun phrase are: H PostM PostM into PreM PreM H, H PostM into PreM H, and PreM H PostM Post M, into PreM PreM PreM H. In adjective phrase structure shift is found only one i.e. PreM H into H PostM. The structure shift in clause level is: SC into SVC, SV into SVA, and SV into SVO. In sentence level structure shift occur from simple sentence in SL into simple sentence in TL, simple sentence in SL into complex sentence in TL, complex sentence in SL into simple sentence in TL, and complec sentence in SL into complex sentence in TL.

scholarly journals The aphoristic character of Taras Melnychuk’s poetry: the stylistic and syntactic aspect

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Poetic Language ◽  
Simple Sentence ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Multicomponent Complex ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
The Individual

The article reveals the individual stylistic features of T. Melnychuk’s poetic language as represented in their semantic and syntactic organisation and stylistic functions. The task was to study the semantics of the aphorisms, their syntactic structure and stylistic means and to identify the compositional functions. According to the degree of the semantic dominant expression, the aphorisms of the analysed poetry are figurative and concentrate around the themes and motifs that have to do with Ukraine, its history, the destiny of the poet himself, with moral and ethical issues, with eternal values. The comprehensiveness of the aphoristic character of the analised poems is proved. T. Melnychuk’s aphoristic expressions are established to correlate with various syntactic constructions: from a simple sentence to overphrase unities. The registered poetic aphorisms are mostly equivalent to complex sentences of minimum structure with adverbial clauses of condition or cause as well as attributive clauses etc. The aphorisms are also represented by multicomponent complex sentences and coordinate constructions (the latter have mainly comparative-contrastive relations between the predicative parts) and, more seldom, by asyndetic sentences. Prevalence of the aphorisms equivalent to composite sentences and overphrase unities can be explained by their being not only sense-making but also compositional components of T. Melnychuk’s poems. There are whole strophes or poems of aphoristic character. T. Melnychuk’s aphoristics is characterised by folkloristic nature, by tending to maxims. The aphoristic character is based on paradoxical features and is created by various oppositions, repetitions, negation, chiasmus, is supported by rhyming.

For a new semiotics in Construction Grammar: A statistical analysis of the relationship between transitive syntax and semantics

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Lepesqueur ◽  
Adriana Maria Tenuta
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Estimating Equation ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Formal Organization ◽  
Global Pattern ◽  
Semiotic Model ◽  
Irregular Structures

Abstract By extending the notion of constructions beyond “irregular” structures, Goldberg (1995. Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press) made possible the analysis of clause units as a global pattern associating syntax to principles for semantic interpretation. Despite this theoretical advance, Construction Grammar’s pairing of syntactic structure and conceptual form reflects Saussure’s signifier/signified semiotic model, which poses some issues. Problems arise when a single formal structure expresses distinct semantic patterns or, conversely, when semantics persists notwithstanding formal variation. In order to approach this unstable syntax/semantics interface, this work proposes a statistical methodology to capture the correlation between syntax and Hopper and Thompson's (1980. Transitivity in grammar and discourse. Language 56(2). 251–299) parameters of transitivity. In a corpus of 7,939 clauses from 23 oral interviews, 690 randomly sampled clause units were analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equation. The data suggests that, in Brazilian Portuguese, most of those parameters are not particularly related to the prototypical transitive syntax and might be specified outside the scope of this clausal structure. Nonetheless, Affectedness is a syntax/semantic interface point that is, first, largely independent of lexical items and, second, capable of distinguishing transitive syntax from other clausal patterns. Based on this analysis, we conceive the Transitive Construction as a superordinate rule that acts upon the formal organization of a language, establishing clausal patterns both synchronically and diachronically.

scholarly journals WORD ORDER IN THE LOWER CHULYM DIALECT OF CHULYM-TURKIC: A DIACHRONIC ASPECT

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-59
Author(s):  
Валерия Михайловна Лемская
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
Simple Sentence ◽  
Basic Word ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Order Change ◽  
The One ◽  
Word Order Change

В статье анализируется динамика изменения порядка слов в ныне исчезнувшем малочисленном бесписьменном нижнечулымском диалекте чулымско-тюркского языка. Рассматриваются тексты, собранные в XIX–XXI вв., в т. ч. из полевых записей автора. Для обеспечения принципа репрезентативности отобранного материала и в условиях скудости собранных на разных этапах нижнечулымских текстов, анализ был проведен на выборке в 20 предложений с глагольным сказуемым для каждого временного отрезка (всего 80 предложений). В ходе исследования делается вывод, что тенденция к сохранению типичного тюркского базового порядка слов в простом предложении с глагольным скзазуемым (SOV) характерна для текстов, собранных в XIX и XXI вв. (в т. ч. в переводных текстах раннего периода). Наметившаяся с середины XX в. тенденция к изменению базового порядка слов в сторону характерного для русского языка (SVO) несколько сохраняется в XXI в., однако подавляющее большинство моделей простого предложения текстов этого периода являются разновидностями типичного тюркского базового порядка слов SOV. Это иллюстрирует тезис о том, что даже в условиях языковых контактов, активного двуязычия и сильного влияния языка большинства миноритарный язык (в данном случае — нижнечулымский диалект) вполне может сохранять свою синтаксическую структуру. The article analyzes the dynamics of word order change in the now extinct moribund non-written Lower Chulym dialect of the Chulym-Turkic language. The article deals with texts collected in the 19–21 centuries, including those recorded by the author. To ensure the representativeness principle for the selected material and in terms of the Lower Chulym text scarcity at different stages, the analysis was carried out on a sample of 20 sentences with a verb predicate for each time period (80 sentences in total). The study concludes that the tendency to preserve the typical Turkic basic word order in a simple sentence with a verb predicate (SOV) is characteristic of texts collected in the 19th and 21st centuries (including translated texts of the early period). The tendency from the middle of the 20th century to change the basic word order towards the one characteristic for Russian (SVO) persisted in the 21st century to a certain extent, however, the overwhelming majority of the simple sentence models in the texts of this period are varieties of the typical Turkic basic word order, SOV. This illustrates the point that even in the conditions of linguistic contacts, active bilingualism and strong influence of the major language, the minority language (in this case, the Lower Chulym dialect) may well retain its syntactic structure.

scholarly journals Модели элементарных простых предложений со структурной схемой (S) + NAcc + VF в обобщенно-личных пословицах башкирского языка (на материале фольклорного корпуса)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 834-846
Author(s):  
Zinnur A. Sirazitdinov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Structural Type ◽  
Simple Sentence ◽  
Structural Scheme ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Physical Impact ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
Impact Data ◽  
Colloquial Speech

Introduction. Modern philological science associates with structural-semantic approaches to the study of linguistic phenomena. But so far, the structural-semantic study of Bashkir proverbs based on the entire corpus, as well as the identification of the final types of models has not been undertaken. The purpose of this article is to study models of elementary simple sentences of the structural type (S) + NAcc + VF. This type, with an object in the accusative case, is the most frequent one; the accusative in the Bashkir language is a grammatical means of formalizing the actant as an object of direct immediate impact. Data and methods. Generalized personal proverbs selected from the folklore database of the Machine Corpus of the Bashkir language were used as the research material. The proverb corpus contains 354 proverbial expressions representing generalized personal sentences, i.e., 73.5 percent of the total number of one-part verb proverbs. The research method consisted in isolating an elementary simple sentence, which includes a predicate and obligatory actants; the author draws here on the work of Novosibirsk syntax students. The syntactic model is understood as the content plane of an elementary simple sentence, which is determined by its proposition. The structural diagram represents the expression plane of an elementary simple sentence. At this stage, the study focuses on proverbs with simple finite verbs. Results. The study shows that 8 models are implemented within the structural scheme (S) + NAcc + VF. Of these the model of physical impact on the object [(S) + NPatAcc + VActf] is the most frequent one, 62 proverbial expressions have been identified for this model. Each model of the structure in question is characterized by its inherent set of semantic roles and typical meaning, while in most cases, object actants act in the form of a certain accusative. Conclusions. The syntactic features characteristic of the construction of this type of proverbial expressions are likely to occur in modern literary language and colloquial speech with a more complex syntactic structure.

scholarly journals A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES IN KEMBHANG BABUR

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Evha Nazalatus Sa'adiyah Sy ◽  
Devie Reztia A ◽  
Devie Reztia A
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Simple Sentence ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
The World ◽  
Interrogative Sentence ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
Syntactical Analysis ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Syntax is the study of the principles and processes by which sentence that it is constructed in particular language. Whereas that every language in the world certainly has different structure. This research aim to answer: (1) What are kinds of simple sentence found in Kembhang Babur books? (2) What are the differences between English and Madurese in simple sentences? This research is a descriptive qualitative research, descriptively describing the syntactic structures of simple sentences in Kembhang Babur book. The writer followed the rule of the qualitative which the data describe in words as the basis of interpreting data. Words are of utmost importance to qualitative researchers. There are three kinds of simple sentences found in Kembhang Babur book could be classified into: (a) Affirmative sentences, (b) Negative sentences (c) Interrogative sentences. The differences in English sentence is; if this affirmative sentence Aux there is after NP, but in the interrogative sentence Aux there is before NP and there is auxiliary “do/does” as interrogative verb. In Madurese sentence is marked by the addition of the word “apah” which is put before NP. “Apah” is as question word in Madurese, not as an auxiliary.

Pervasiveness of shallow processing

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Irina A. Sekerina ◽  
Patricia J. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
First Language ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Shallow Processing ◽  
L2 Learners

Clahsen and Felser (CF) offer a novel explanation for the qualitative differences in language processing often observed between adult first language (L1) speakers and second language (L2) learners. They argue that, although L2 learners are successful in drawing on lexical, morphological, and pragmatic sources of information, they underutilize syntactic structure, which results in shallower and less detailed processing than that of native speakers.

scholarly journals The Differentiation and Analysis of Pivotal Construction and Similar Syntactic Constructions

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 498
Author(s):  
Zhiyan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Simple Sentence ◽  
Object Construction ◽  
Sentence Patterns ◽  
The Relationship

Since the appearance of “pivotal construction”, scholars have always questioned its existence and wanted to classify it into the category of other syntactic constructions. Therefore, it is necessary to make a more detailed distinction between the pivotal construction and the other similar syntactic constructions. Generally, the pivotal construction can be abbreviated as N1 + V1 + N2 + V2, which is the same as in other syntactic constructions or sentence patterns: subject-predicate structure as the object construction, serial predicate construction, fused serial predicate and pivotal construction. In this paper, syntax combined with semantics, these four simple sentence patterns (syntactic constructions) are taken as examples and analyzed in detail. Finally, we draw a conclusion that N1, V1, N2, V2 have complex relationship on the syntactic structure. Meanwhile, through the semantic analysis and classification of V1, we make a clear distinction of V1 in the four types of simple sentence patterns and the relationship between V1 and V2 is clearly differentiated.

scholarly journals BRIEF ACCOUNT OF SASAK SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE AS USED IN MERIAQ MERIKU DIALECT AT BANYU URIP VILLAGE IN 2019/2020

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masyudi Masyudi
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Tape Recorder ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Simple Sentence ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
The Village ◽  
New Student ◽  
Descriptive Method

The research is entitled “BRIEF ACCOUNT OF SASAK SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE AS USED IN MERIAQ MERIKU DIALECT AT BANYU URIP VILLAGE IN 2019/2020” this research is aimed find, the daily used by the society of Banyu Uripvillage, the method used is descriptive method and the instrument, population and sample the writer get from the prominent person on the village by interviewing them using tape recorder and the result is the writer is able to write this thesis. It is also essential to know that syntax is also a subject that must be profoundly studied, besides morphology and semantic, this subject is the rules to build sentences, therefore, there should have a lot of vocabulary (idioms) and a lot of practice to do.We all have already been familiar with the student who write an English sentence or paragraph in much impressed by Indonesia sentence or paragraph as in Indonesia language is similar in structure to English language and definitely it sound, stilted. From now on, we know that the new student are not able to master. The English sentence structure and for these reasons, the writer tries to describe the sasak syntactic structure of MERIAQ MERIKU in simple sentence of English.

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