Awareness Regarding Universal Safety Precaution Among Nurses and Compulsory Rotatory Residential Internship in a Teaching Hospital

Purpose: The lack of awareness regarding the policies and procedures about universal precautions among medical students has resulted in higher accidental exposure to Blood Borne Pathogens and body fluids. So, the current situation needs such type of study which can help in improving awareness about universal precautions among Nurses and Compulsory Rotatory Residential Internships (CRRI), those who constitute a major role in controlling deadly infections. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among nurses of all departments and Compulsory Rotatory Residential Internships (CRRI) between June & July 2020 in a teaching medical hospital near Kancheepuram. A total of 400 nurses who were deputed in various departments and 50 Compulsory Rotatory Residential Internships (CRRIs) were requested to take part in the study. The emails were gathered and formal informed consent was sent along with the standard questionnaire. The questions were prepared in a simple language from a valid & reliable measure. Statistical methods: The data are entered and analysed by MS Excel. A chi square test is carried to test the association between the proportion. Results: The level of knowledge among nurses and CRRIs were similar without a significant difference between them. The awareness regarding universal precaution in nurses with different working experience were also similar without any significant differences. About 95% of CRRIs were aware about the universal precautions. The awareness about universal precaution and practice was not statistically significant when compared between the nurses and CRRIs. Conclusion: The current study findings assure that the nurses and Compulsory Rotatory Residential Internship (CRRIs) were aware and are knowledgeable about the standard precautions and their importance in reducing infections. The present result shows the infectious committee has a great role in educating the health care workers and provide a better environment for serving the patients.

How doctors make themselves understood in primary care consultations: A mixed methods analysis of video data applying health literacy universal precautions

Purpose To mitigate the health risks that result from low health literacy and difficulty identifying patients with insufficient health literacy, health organizations recommend physicians apply health literacy universal precaution communication skills when communicating with all patients. Our aim was to assess how health literacy universal precautions are delivered in routine GP consultations, and explore whether there were differences in how GPs used universal precaution approaches according to areas of deprivation in England. Methods This was a mixed methods study using video and interview data. Ten physicians conducted 217 consultations in primary care settings with adults over 50 years old between July 2017 and March 2018 in England. Eighty consultations (N = 80) met the inclusion criteria of new or persisting problems. Descriptive quantitative analysis of video-recorded consultations using an observation tool and qualitative thematic analysis of transcribed scripts. Meta-themes explored differences in physicians’ communication by areas of deprivation. Results Descriptive statistics showed physicians used a caring tone of voice and attitude (n = 73, 91.3%) and displayed comfortable body language (n = 69, 86.3%) but infrequently demonstrated profession-specific health literacy universal precaution communication skills, such as the teach-back technique (n = 3, 3.8%). Inferences about physicians’ communication from qualitative analysis converged with the quantitative findings. Differences in physicians’ communication varied according to areas of deprivation. Conclusions Physicians need health literacy universal precautions communication skills to improve population health.

Hubungan Pengetahuan Universal Precaution dengan Kepatuhan Perawat dalam Penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) di Ruang Instalasi Bedah Sentral RSD Mangusada

The incidence of infectious diseases in hospitals is a serious problem because it threatens the health and safety of patients and healthcare workers. Experts agree that compliance with the use of PPE is considered very important to protect the body from infection contamination. There are many factors that can affect nurses compliance in using PPE, one of which is knowledge of universal precaution. This study aims to determine the correlation of universal precaution knowledge with nurses compliance using PPE in the Central Surgical Installation Room Mangusada Hospital. This type of research is quantitative with cross-sectional design, the sample in this study were all nurses in the Central Surgical Installation Room of Mangusada Regional Hospital selected by the total sampling method of 41 respondents. Data were analyzed by nonparametric rho spearman statistical test at the significance level α 0.05, obtained p-value of 0.000<0.05. This shows that there is a very significant correlation between universal precaution knowledge and nurses compliance in the use of PPE in the Central Surgery Installation Room at Mangusada Hospital, so it is expected that health workers, especially nurses, will increase knowledge related to universal precaution and be more obedient in using PPE.

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION KNOWLEDGE LEVELS IN POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS FACULTY OF DENTISTRY

ABSTRACT Universal precautions are one way to prevent the transmission of disease, which is transmitted by blood and all body fluids, including saliva, either from the patient to health worker and from patient to another patient. Patients should be treated as infected with the disease and potentially infectious every time. This action should be done by all health care staff in the risk of cross-infection between patients, and health workers can be minimized. Basic universal precautions include immunization, hand washing, personal protective equipment, medical equipment management, and hospital waste management. This study aims to describe the level of knowledge about universal precautions in postgraduate students Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani Cimahi (Unjani). This study used a descriptive design by cross-sectional. Collection data for research using a questionnaire containing 20 questions tested for validity and reliability, then a questionnaire filled out by respondents as many as 40 people. Presentation of research data is processed and presented to illustrate the level of knowledge in postgraduate students of frequency distribution table. The results showed that most of postgraduate students has a high knowledge (60%), postgraduate students with a moderate level of knowledge (27.5%), and postgraduate students with the knowledge that a low level (12.5%). Conclusions of the research showed that the majority postgraduate students about universal precaution is at a high level.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF CROSS INFECTION AT DENTAL LABORATORIES IN EAST JAVA PROVINCE OF INDONESIA

Background: infectious disease is one major important health issue. Dental technician is an occupation which has a risk to get infectious disease transmitted from saliva, blood or contaminated tools if universal precaution utensils did not use properly. Infection can be transferred through dental impression from surface contact, handpiece, burs, pumice, aerosol etc. Purpose: This study aim to find out desinfection implementation in dental laboratories located in East Java as a preventive and controlling action towards cross infection. Method: Data were obtained through questionnaire, the questionnaires were designed to get the information related to infection control from dental laboratories in East Java. The survey was conducted in 36 dental laboratories listed by Association of Dental Technician in East Java. Result: As much as 90% dental laboratories did not performed desinfection procedure to the dental impression received from dentist and never follow any desinfection training. AS much as 95% Dental laboratories believe universal precaution utensils can be infected but only 50% utilize universal precaution utensils. Eventhough if such infection occurs, the owner will be fully responsible. Conclusion: Prevention and management towards cross infection control in dental laboratories located in East Java still very low. Development and supervision towards dental laboratories operational by Indonesian government and professional association need to be improved. Education regarding infection control need to be performed through trainings and inserted infection control matters in dental technician study programme curriculum in Indonesia.

Hepatitis B virus infection and associated risk factors among medical students in eastern Ethiopia

Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a highly contagious pathogen that has become a severe public health problem and a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Medical students are at high occupational risk during their training. However, no facility-based studies were found among medical students in eastern Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus and associated factors among medical students in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 407 randomly selected medical students from March to June 2018. A pretested and structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics and other risk factors. A 5ml blood was collected, and the serum was analyzed for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using the Instant Hepatitis B surface antigen kit. Data were entered using Epidata version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS statistical packages version 22. Outcome and explanatory variables were described using descriptive summary measures. Binary and multivariable logistic regression was conducted at 95% CI and an association at P-value < 0.05 was declared statistically significant. Results The seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen was 11.5% (95%CI = 8.6, 14.7). Poor knowledge of universal precaution guideline (AOR = 2.58; 95% CI = [1.35–4.93]), history of needle stick injury (AOR = 2.11; 95% CI = [1.07–4.18]) and never been vaccinated for HBV (AOR = 2.34; 95% CI = [1.17–4.69]) were found statistically significantly associated with HBsAg positivity after multivariate analysis. Conclusion Hepatitis B virus infection rate is high among health care trainees in eastern Ethiopia. Improvement at health care practice centers safety through training on universal precaution guidelines, and scaling up HBV vaccination is mandatory.

HUBUNGAN KEPATUHAN PERAWAT DALAM MELAKUKAN HAND HYGIENE TERHADAP KEJADIAN PHLEBITIS DI RUANG RAWAT INAP RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH TGK CHIK DITIRO SIGLI KABUPATEN PIDIE, ACEH

Kepatuhan perawat dalam mencegah terjadinya infeksi nosokomial merupakan stimulasi yang dapat menimbulkan respon emosional perawat terhadap upaya universal precaution yang akan meningkatkan upaya penurunan kejadian infeksi nosokomial. Menjaga kebersihan tangan dengan baik dapat mencegah penularan mikroorganisme dan menurunkan infeksi nosokomial atau phlebitis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan kepatuhan perawat dalam melakukan hand hygiene terhadap kejadian phlebitis. Metode penelitian analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional, pada penelitian ini populasi adalah seluruh perawat di Ruang Rawat Inap Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Tgk Chik Ditiro dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 83 perawat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 37 responden berusia 20-30 tahun (45%), 38 orang berpendidikan S1 (46%), 50 responden berjenis kelamin laki-laki (60%) dan 56 responden berstatus PNS (67%), responden yang tidak patuh melakukan hand hygiene sebanyak 50 orang (60%). Hasil Uji statistik didapatkan nilai p-value = 0,000 <α 0,05 yang artinya terdapat hubungan antara kepatuhan perawat dalam melakukan hand hygiene terhadap kejadian phlebitis. Kesimpulan ada hubungan antara kepatuhan perawat dalam melakukan hand hygiene terhadap kejadian phlebitis di ruang rawat inap Tgk. Chik Ditiro Sigli Kabupaten Pidie. Saran diharapkan pihak rumah sakit agar lebih sering melakukan sosialisasi dan pelatihan tentang hand hygiene dalam upaya menurunkan kejadian phlebitis serta diharapkan kepada perawat agar lebih patuh dalam melakukan hand hygiene sesuai dengan peraturan/SPO yang telah ditetapkan dirumah sakit khususnya tentang kebersihan tangan.

"PENTINGNYA TINDAKAN PRECAUTION OLEH PERAWAT DALAM RANGKA MENGURANGI RISIKO PENYEBARAN INFEKSI DI RUMAH SAKIT"

Kegiatan pencegahan penularan infeksi di rumah sakit melibatkan semua petugas kesehatan yang berada di lingkungan rumah sakit termasuk perawat. Perawat adalah petugas kesehatan yang paling sering berhubungan dengan pasien, sehingga dari semua petugas kesehatan perawatlah yang paling beresiko terpapar infeksi berbagai penyakit. Seperti pernyataan Efstathio yang di kuitp dalam Sahara (2011) mengatakan bahwa, secara global lebih dari tiga puluh lima juta petugas kesehatan beresiko terpajan infeksi penyakit dan setelah diobservasi diantara semua petugas kesehatan tersebut yang paling tinggi risiko terpajan infeksi adalah perawat.Dasar tindakan universal precaution ini meliputi mencuci tangan guna mencegah infeksi silang, pemakaian alat pelindung diri diantaranya sarung tangan untuk mencegah kontak dengan darah serta cairan infeksius lain, pengelolaan alat kesehatan, pengelolaan jarum dan alat tajam untuk mencegah perlukaan, serta pengelolaan limbah (Depkes RI dalam Syahrizal, dkk, 2014). Dalam menggunakan prinsip universal precaution, petugas kesehatan memberi perlakukan yang sama pada semua pasien tanpa memandang penyakit atau diagnosanya, yaitu dengan asumsi bahwa setiap pasien memiliki resiko untuk menularkan penyakit yang berbahaya. Petugas harus memiliki pengetahuan yang baik tentang pencegahan transmisi infeksi, bersikap dan bertindak yang benar dalam melakukan setiap indakan. Hal ini sangat perlu di perhatikan karena setiap individu yang bekrja di lingkungan rumah sakit maupun pusat pelayanan kesehatan lainnya merupakan kelompok orang yang sangat rawan untuk tertular atau menularkan infeksi (Spiritia dalam Syahrizal, dkk, 2014).