No One Is Leaving This Time: Appraisal of Awareness and Knowledge of Port Health Officers on International Health Regulation IHR (2005)

Background: Historically, ships have played an important role in transmitting infectious diseases around the world. The spread of cholera pandemics in the 19th century was thought to be linked to trade routes and facilitated by merchant shipping. The international maritime traffic of people and goods has often contributed to the spread of pathogens affecting public health. Objectives: To assess level of awareness and knowledge of international Health regulation (IHR 2005) content among port health officer Methods: The study design was descriptive cross-sectional evaluation, questionnaires were used to capture the respondents knowledge, awareness and sanitary condition of ship in accordance with (IHR 2005) Results: On awareness and knowledge, Majority of the respondent (77.1%) demonstrate good awareness of the IHR (2005), while 22.9% had not and some even testified of hearing the said document for the first time. Despite the fact that majority of respondent were aware but only 24.6% of them can actually demonstrate good knowledge of IHR (2005) and its intent to protect and prevent spread of disease along the international route. Conclusion: There is need to improve the knowledge of port health officers by expand training and guidance on application of the IHRs to frontline officer at point of entries. Also ensure more thorough inspection and avoid influence of ship agent during inspection of ship.

PERATURAN KESEHATAN INTERNASIONAL 2005: PERKEMBANGAN SUBSTANSIAL UNTUK HUKUM INTERNASIONAL DAN KEAMANAN KESEHATAN GLOBAL

Artikel ini membahas IHR 2005 sebagai aturan umum untuk menangani penyakit menular. Munculnya ancaman emerging maupun re-emerging infectious diseases dan globalisasi penyakit yang tidak mengenal batas wilayah menjadi faktor pendorong pentingnya perhatian terhadap keamanan kesehatan global. Masyarakat internasional telah lama menyadari perlunya kolaborasi dan tata kelola internasional untuk mengendalikan penyebaran penyakit menular yang mampu melalui lintas batas Negara. Dibawah Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia, negara-negara anggota PBB telah merancang sebuah kesepakatan bersama untuk mengurangi resiko perluasan penularan melalui Peraturan Kesehatan Global (International Health Regulation 2005) yang merupakan hasil revisi peraturan tahun 1969. Majelis Kesehatan Dunia mengadopsi IHR 2005 sebagai perjanjian internasional yang mengikat negara anggota. IHR 2005 mengatur perubahan substantif utama dari rezim sebelumnya, dan memiliki prinsip penghormatan HAM, dan pengendalian penyakit menular tanpa harus menghambat perjalanan dan perdagangan secara proporsional.

Kondisi Sanitasi Pada Kapal Kargo Di Wilayah Kerja Kantor Kesehatan Pelabuhan (KKP) Kelas III Manokwari

Ship sanitation and its environment are a mandate from International Health Regulation (IHR)2005 and the regulation of Ministry of Health Republic IndonesiaNo 40 Tahun 2015 that request all the ship in Indonesia territory should have a certificate of ship sanitation. This is due to prevent, protect and control spreading of diseases. This study aimed to analyze the sanitation condition of cargo ships in working area of Harbour Health Office (KKP) type III Manokwari. Research location was done in Manokwari Harbour on September to October 2020. Method used in this study was descriptive approach and direct observation. Sample was obtained by purposive sampling, that 13 (thirteen) cargo ships anchored in Manokwari. Variables observed included room sanitation, vector, foods and drinking water, and waste. Results showed that in general the sanitation of the 13 cargo ships was qualified good (91.21%), except for warehouse and medical facilitation. There were two ships (15.38%) unqualified because had no storage room for dry and wet foods. Moreover, six cargo ships (46.15%) had no medical facilitation according to the requirement, but only some medicines without observation room and medical tools. On the other hands, the vector and disease-spread animals, management food and drinking water, as well as the waste management for 13 cargo ships were qualified.

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The aim of the study is to assess the non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals (Cd, Cu) through fish consumption by the population of Yerevan. The method of K-means cluster analyses has been applied. The amount of the average daily intake of cadmium and copper detected in the fish samples of Sevan Trout, Sterlet and Sazan didn᾿t exceed the standards of International Health Regulation (IHR). Non-carcinogenic risks related to their effect haven’t been recorded. The results of cluster analyses can serve as a base for conducting general dietary investigations.

KRISIS COVID-19: PERSPEKTIF HUKUM INTERNASIONAL TERHADAP PANDEMI

Kegagapan negara-negara dunia dalam penanganan Pandemi Covid-19 menimbulkan pertanyaan mengenaieksistensi kerangka kerja yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan krisis kesehatan global. Lebih jauh, artikel inimengungkapkan bahwa hukum internasional memiliki mekanisme khusus dalam penanganan pandemi melalui operasionalisasi International Health Regulation (IHR) yang dikoordinasikan secara global oleh organisasi internasional WHO. Melalui perspektif hukum internasional, artikel ini bermaksud mengelaborasi kerangka kerja hukum internasional yang memuat kewajiban, kewenangan, prosedur, serta peran dan tantangan yang dihadapi pada penanganan pandemi global, termasuk dalam krisis Covid-19 yang masih bergulir hingga saat ini. Artikel ini menemukan fakta bahwa, IHR 2005 sebagai kerangka kerja hukum internasional, tidak bisa dianggap sebagai instrumen ’one size fits all’ yang dapat menyelesaikan seluruh permasalahan penanganan krisis kesehatan global.

Are countries’ self-reported assessments of their capacity for infectious disease control reliable? Associations among countries’ self-reported International Health Regulation 2005 capacity assessments and infectious disease control outcomes

Background This study aimed to evaluate associations among countries’ self-reported International Health Regulation 2005 (IHR 2005) capacity assessments and infectious disease control outcomes. Methods Countries’ self-reported assessments implemented by percentages as IHR Monitoring Tools (IHRMT) in 2016 and 2017 were used to represent national capacity regarding infectious disease control. WHO Disease Outbreak News and matched diseases reports on ProMED-mail were collected in 2016 to represent disease control outcomes of countries. Disease control outcomes were divided in good, normal and bad groups based on the development of outbreaks listed in the reports. The Human Development Index (HDI), density of physicians and nurses, health expenditure, number of arrivals of international tourists were also collected for control. Chi-square test and logistic regression were applied for analysis. Results A total of 907 cases occurred in 92 countries. For all diseases, cases occurring in high international travel volume countries presented twice the risk of having a bad disease control outcomes than cases occurring in low international travel volume countries (OR = 2.19 for IHR 2016, OR =2.97 for IHR 2017). Cases occurring in low IHR average score countries had significant higher risk (OR = 7.83 for IHR 2016 and OR = 2.23 for IHR 2017) of having a bad disease control outcomes than countries with high IHR average scores. For only human diseases, cases occurring in high international travel volume countries presented twice the risk of having a bad disease control outcomes than cases occurring in low international travel volume countries for IHR 2017 (OR =2.79). Cases occurring in low IHR average score countries had significant higher risk (OR = 11.16 for IHR 2016 and OR = 3.45 for IHR 2017) of having a bad disease control outcomes than countries with high IHR average scores. The HDI, health workforce density and total health expenditure were all positively associated with disease control outcomes. Conclusions Countries’ self-reported infectious disease control capacities positively correlated with their disease control outcomes. While the self-reported IHR scores were accountable to some degree, this approach was useful for understanding global capacity in infectious disease control and in allocating resources for future preparedness.

Are countries’ self-reported assessments of their capacity for infectious disease control reliable? Associations among countries’ self-reported International Health Regulation 2005 capacity assessments and infectious disease control outcomes

Background This study aimed to evaluate associations among countries’ self-reported International Health Regulation 2005 (IHR 2005) capacity assessments and infectious disease control outcomes. Methods Countries’ self-reported assessments implemented by percentages as IHR Monitoring Tools (IHRMT) in 2016 and 2017 were used to represent national capacity regarding infectious disease control. WHO Disease Outbreak News and matched diseases reports on ProMED-mail were collected in 2016 to represent disease control outcomes of countries. Disease control outcomes were divided in good, normal and bad groups based on the development of outbreaks listed in the reports. The Human Development Index (HDI), density of physicians and nurses, health expenditure, number of arrivals of international tourists were also collected for control. Chi-square test and logistic regression were applied for analysis. Results A total of 907 cases occurred in 92 countries. For all diseases, cases occurring in high international travel volume countries presented twice the risk of having a bad disease control outcomes than cases occurring in low international travel volume countries (OR = 2.19 for IHR 2016, OR =2.97 for IHR 2017). Cases occurring in low IHR average score countries had significant higher risk (OR = 7.83 for IHR 2016 and OR = 2.23 for IHR 2017) of having a bad disease control outcomes than countries with high IHR average scores. For only human diseases, cases occurring in high international travel volume countries presented twice the risk of having a bad disease control outcomes than cases occurring in low international travel volume countries for IHR 2017 (OR =2.79). Cases occurring in low IHR average score countries had significant higher risk (OR = 11.16 for IHR 2016 and OR = 3.45 for IHR 2017) of having a bad disease control outcomes than countries with high IHR average scores. The HDI, health workforce density and total health expenditure were all positively associated with disease control outcomes. Conclusions Countries’ self-reported infectious disease control capacities positively correlated with their disease control outcomes. While the self-reported IHR scores were accountable to some degree, this approach was useful for understanding global capacity in infectious disease control and in allocating resources for future preparedness.

Are countries’ self-reported assessments of their capacity for infectious disease control reliable? Associations among countries’ self-reported International Health Regulation 2005 capacity assessments and infectious disease control outcomes

Background This study aimed to evaluate associations among countries’ self-reported International Health Regulation 2005 (IHR 2005) capacity assessments and infectious disease control outcomes. Methods Countries’ self-reported assessments implemented by percentages as IHR Monitoring Tools (IHRMT) in 2016 and 2017 were used to represent national capacity regarding infectious disease control. WHO Disease Outbreak News and matched diseases reports on ProMED-mail were collected in 2016 to represent disease control outcomes of countries. Disease control outcomes were divided in good, normal and bad groups based on the development of outbreaks listed in the reports. The Human Development Index (HDI), density of physicians and nurses, health expenditure, number of arrivals of international tourists were also collected for control. Chi-square test and logistic regression were applied for analysis. Results A total of 907 cases occurred in 92 countries. For all diseases, cases occurring in high international travel volume countries presented twice the risk of having a bad disease control outcomes than cases occurring in low international travel volume countries (OR = 2.19 for IHR 2016, OR =2.97 for IHR 2017). Cases occurring in low IHR average score countries had significant higher risk (OR = 7.83 for IHR 2016 and OR = 2.23 for IHR 2017) of having a bad disease control outcomes than countries with high IHR average scores. For only human diseases, cases occurring in high international travel volume countries presented twice the risk of having a bad disease control outcomes than cases occurring in low international travel volume countries for IHR 2017 (OR =2.79). Cases occurring in low IHR average score countries had significant higher risk (OR = 11.16 for IHR 2016 and OR = 3.45 for IHR 2017) of having a bad disease control outcomes than countries with high IHR average scores. The HDI, health workforce density and total health expenditure were all positively associated with disease control outcomes. Conclusions Countries’ self-reported infectious disease control capacities positively correlated with their disease control outcomes. While the self-reported IHR scores were accountable to some degree, this approach was useful for understanding global capacity in infectious disease control and in allocating resources for future preparedness.