From classical theory to spin 2 gravity

We consider here the simple derivation of the Einstein equations by Fock. Then, we approach the way from the spin 1 fields to the spin 2 fields for massive and massless particles and we derive the gravity equations from this base. In conclusion, we discuss the principle of equivalence in classical Einstein theory and in the Schwinger spin 2 gravity

Smooth bubbling geometries without supersymmetry

We construct the first smooth bubbling geometries using the Weyl formalism. The solutions are obtained from Einstein theory coupled to a two-form gauge field in six dimensions with two compact directions. We classify the charged Weyl solutions in this framework. Smooth solutions consist of a chain of Kaluza-Klein bubbles that can be neutral or wrapped by electromagnetic fluxes, and are free of curvature and conical singularities. We discuss how such topological structures are prevented from gravitational collapse without struts. When embedded in type IIB, the class of solutions describes D1-D5-KKm solutions in the non-BPS regime, and the smooth bubbling solutions have the same conserved charges as a static four-dimensional non-extremal Cvetic-Youm black hole.

“ hv-Energy Packet floating in Front of the Wave Beam” Hybrid Structure of Photon and its Self-Interference in the Single Photon Double-Slits Experiment

In the single photon double slits experiment, what mechanism makes the interference? Whether it is owing to the external factor or the photon has a special structure it can interfere photon itself to make the interference pattern? Because the photon is a quantum of EM radiation as Einstein proposed, so we start the study from an EM wave beam (an EM radiation). Under the demand of the symmetry and quantization, we found the wave beam is certainly circular polarized and covered by a side membrane. There is a pair of ± charges ±q and the circular tension distributes double helically along the side membrane. Quantization of charges requires ( k=2.3,...). Mechanical equilibrium among the helical distributed or, tension and the circular polarized EM field inside construct a steady structure to keep the quantized EM beam integrity, shape and size. Its energy hv concentrates in a cylindrical packet of radius R max and length , named -(energy) packet. With the aid of Einstein theory of spontaneous emission, we proved that the photon is consisted of the energy packet and accompany with a conical - (EM) wave beam; -packet floats in front of the -wave. It is such hybrid structure that makes photon self interference in the double slits experiment.

On the solution of an f(r) theory of gravity motivated by gravitational waves in spherically symmetric space-time

There are many modification of Einstein theory have been established which explain the behavior of universe realistically or hypo-theoretically. Out of those, an f(R) theory of gravity based on non-conformal invariance of gravitational waves has been developed. We attempted to find the solution of this theory for spherically symmetric spacetime in vacuum and compared its result to Einstein theory. We have concluded that solution is consistent with Newtonian limit at large distance from source. Solution predicts two horizon in the spacetime, none of them coincides with Schwarzschild counterpart. However, as this f(R) theory converges to Einstein theory, these horizons coincide.

Generalized Misner–Sharp energy in generalized Rastall theory

Employing the unified first law of thermodynamics and the field equations of the generalized Rastall theory, we get the generalized Misner–Sharp mass of space–times for which gtt = –grr = –f(r). The obtained result differs from those of the Einstein and Rastall theories. Moreover, using the first law of thermodynamics, the obtained generalized Misner–Sharp mass, and the field equations, the entropy of static spherically symmetric horizons are also addressed in the framework of the generalized Rastall theory. In addition, by generalizing the study to a flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) universe, the apparent horizon entropy is also calculated. Considering the effects of applying the Newtonian limit to the field equations on the coupling coefficients of the generalized Rastall theory, our study indicates (i) the obtained entropy–area relation is the same as that of the Rastall theory, and (ii) the Bekenstein entropy is recovered when the generalized Rastall theory reduces to the Einstein theory. The validity of the second law of thermodynamics is also investigated in the flat FRW universe.

$$f(\mathcal {G})$$ Noether cosmology

We develop the n-dimensional cosmology for $$f(\mathcal {G})$$f(G) gravity, where $$\mathcal {G}$$G is the Gauss–Bonnet topological invariant. Specifically, by the so-called Noether Symmetry Approach, we select $$f(\mathcal {G})\simeq \mathcal {G}^k$$f(G)≃Gk power-law models where k is a real number. In particular, the case $$k = 1/2$$k=1/2 for $$n=4$$n=4 results equivalent to General Relativity showing that we do not need to impose the action $$R+f(\mathcal {G})$$R+f(G) to reproduce the Einstein theory. As a further result, de Sitter solutions are recovered in the case where $$f(\mathcal {G})$$f(G) is non-minimally coupled to a scalar field. This means that issues like inflation and dark energy can be addressed in this framework. Finally, we develop the Hamiltonian formalism for the related minisuperspace and discuss the quantum cosmology for this model.

Conclusive Research Design and Development of the Effect of Linear Deformation on Some Debye Properties of Metals

This Work, Debye Temperature And Debye Frequency Of Metals Were Computed And Studied Using Quantum Einstein Theory. The Electron Density Parameters Of Strained Metals Is Obtained And Used In The Computation.. The Results Obtained Revealed That There Is Agreement Between The Computed And Experimental Values Of Debye Temperature And Debye Frequency. This Shows That The Model Can Be Used To Study Debye Properties Of Metals. The Debye Temperature And Debye Frequency Obtained Are More Concentrated In The High Density Limit. This Revealed That Debye Temperature And Debye Frequency Of Metals Depend On The Electronic Concentration. Also, The Experimental Value Of Debye Temperature And Debye Frequency Is Higher Than The Computed Value, This Is Because Of Some Factor Which Debye Temperature And Debye Frequency Relied On That The Theory Failed To Account For. Debye Temperature And Debye Frequency Of Metals Reduces As Strain Increase. This Shows That As Strain Increase, Space Between Lattice Atom Increase Which Reduces Strength Of Electron Interaction And There-By Forces Debye Temperature, Debye Frequency To Decrease As Deformation Increase. This Behavior Of Metals Reveal That Debye Temperature And Debye Frequency Is Greatly Affected By Deformation.

DST-deactivation of nickel-63 nitrate

Recent theoretical and experimental results, based on an extension of the Einstein theory of relativity, show that nuclear reactions of a new type can occur. In this framework, the feasibility of the deactivation of radionuclides is investigated. This paper reports the deactivation of nickel nitrate made of radioactive Nickel-63 in nitric acid by using ultrasounds. From the applicative point of view, it is a more realistic system then the previously considered thorium, not only because the molecule and the system are more complex but also because the problems related to the high corrosion and radioactivity have been treated at the same time, thus miming realistic situations like those of deactivation of nuclear waste.