Comprehensive fatty acid fractionation profilling in preeclampsia: a case control study with multivariable analysis

Background Preeclampsia is a complication during pregnancy characterised by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria that develops after 20 weeks of gestation. Dyslipidemia in pregnancy is correlated with an increased risk of preeclampsia. However, the dynamic changes in lipid metabolic product, particularly fatty acid fraction, in preeclampsia maternal circulation, are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate fatty acid fraction in preeclampsia maternal blood compared with normotensive normal pregnancy. Methods A total of 34 women who developed preeclampsia and 32 women with normotensive normal pregnancy were included in our case-control study. Maternal blood samples were collected for serum fatty acid fractions analysis and other biochemical parameters. Serum fatty acid fractions included long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), saturated fatty acid, and total fatty acid, measured with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The mean difference of fatty acid level was analysed using parametric and non-parametric bivariate analysis based on normality distributed data, while the risk of preeclampsia based on fatty acid fraction was analysed using a logistic regression model. Results Women with preeclampsia have lower high-density lipoprotein (53.97 ± 12.82 mg/dL vs. 63.71 ± 15.20 mg/dL, p = 0.006), higher triglyceride (284.91 ± 97.68 mg/dL vs. 232.84 ± 73.69 mg/dL, p = 0.018) than that in the normotensive group. Higher palmitoleic acid was found in women with preeclampsia compared to normotensive normal pregnancy (422.94 ± 195.99 vs. 325.71 ± 111.03 μmol/L, p = 0.037). The binary logistic regression model showed that pregnant women who had total omega-3 levels within the reference values had a higher risk of suffering preeclampsia than those with the higher reference value (odds ratio OR (95% CI): 8,5 (1.51–48.07), p = 0.015). Pregnant women who have saturated fatty acid within reference values had a lower risk for suffering preeclampsia than those in upper reference value (OR (95% CI): 0.21 (0.52–0.88), p = 0.032). Conclusion Overall, palmitoleic acid was higher in women with preeclampsia. Further analysis indicated that reference omega-3 in and high saturated fatty acid serum levels are characteristics of women with preeclampsia.

Effect on Intermediary Metabolism and Digestive Parameters of the High Substitution of Fishmeal with Insect Meal in Sparus aurata Feed

Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor were tested on account of their potential to replace fish protein in feed. Two levels of replacement for H. illucens, 30% and 50% (H30 and H50), and one for T. molitor, 50% (T50), as well as an additional diet with a modified fatty acid fraction (H50M), were investigated in relation to juvenile Sparus aurata growth indices, enzyme activities and gut microbiome. A T50 diet showed similar results to a control (C) diet, with no significant differences regarding morphological indices and minor differences for nutritional indices. Regarding the gut microbiome, H50M was the diet which showed the more similar prokaryotic community to C, which suggests that fatty acid fractions might influence the composition of the gut microbiome. Nevertheless, differences appeared to be related to a redistribution of dominant species, while changes in species affiliation were limited to minoritary species. The positive correlation between some of these minoritary species (Peptostreptococcus russellii, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Weisella confusa) and several fish growth parameters might explain differences between control and insect diets. Deciphering such uncertainty and revealing the potential role these unusual species may play on fish performance should be addressed in future investigations.

A Fatty Acid Fraction Purified From Sea Buckthorn Seed Oil Has Regenerative Properties on Normal Skin Cells

In recent years, natural product's research gained momentum, fueled by technological advancement and open availability of research data. To date, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. [Elaeagnaceae]) plant parts, especially berries, are well characterized and repeatedly tested for antioxidant activity and regenerative properties, in various cell types and tissues. However, fatty acids (FA) have been less investigated in term of biological effects, although, they are important bioactive components of the sea buckthorn fruit and oil. The aim of our work was to determine whether sea buckthorn seed oil is a suitable source of FA with regenerative properties on normal skin cells. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we purified and characterized four fractions enriched in saturated (palmitic) and non-saturated (linoleic, alfa-linolenic, oleic) FA, which were tested for cytotoxicity, cytokine and growth factor production, and regenerative effect on normal keratinocytes and skin fibroblasts. Evidence is presented that the palmitic acid enriched fraction was a suitable sea buckthorn seed oil derived product with cell proliferation properties on both skin cell types.

THE AMARANTH SEEDS AS A SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS AND BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN HUMAN DIET

Amaranth is one of the oldest arable crop in the world. It was brought to Europe around the 17th century, but as an ornamental plant. It was not until the 1970s, after thorough examination of the chemical composition of amaranth seeds, that in effect of which the nutritional value of this plant was rediscovered and recognized. Since then, there has been increased interest in amaranth as a ‘plant with a future’. A great deal of scientific research has been carried out, leading to recognition of its nutritional, ecological, agricultural and health-promoting values (especially for the prevention and treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous and digestive systems). Among cultivated amaranths species Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus have the highest nutritional value. However, differences in the nutrient content are also noticeable between these species. One of the attributes of this plant is the high content of highly digestible complete protein and the presence of all essential amino acids in the seeds. The seeds also contain large amounts of gluten-free starch with a small grain diameter, fibre, vitamins and minerals. Furthermore, they have a high fat content compared to cereal grains. Amaranth oil consists mainly of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic). Some of the unsaturated fatty acids, such as linolenic acid, are exogenous fatty acids, essential for the human body. Valuable components of the fatty acid fraction include squalene, tocopherols and tocotrienols. These compounds are particularly valuable due to their antioxidant properties.

Bio-inspired co-Polyesters of Hydroxy-Fatty Acids Extracted from Tomato Peel Agro-Wastes and Glycerol with Tunable Mechanical, Thermal and Barrier Properties

<div> By mimicking the cutin natural polyester networks of plant cuticles, we produced hydrophobic elastomers by a sustainable process, i.e., using a catalyst- and solvent-free polycondensation of glycerol and hydroxy fatty acids, two by-products of the agro-food industry. The hydroxy fatty acid fraction was obtained by ethanolic alkaline hydrolysis of cuticle from industrial tomato. This industrial-like fatty acid fraction contained more than 90% wt. of 9(10)-16 dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid (diOHC16). The co-polyesters were designed by increasing the ratio of esterified glycerol/diOHC16 in a range observed in plant cutins (up to 6% wt.). Their structure and functional properties (thermal, mechanical, gas permeability, interaction with bacterial cells) were characterized. Increasing the glycerol contents induced a significant decrease in the crosslink density of the polyesters and the formation of crystalline domains with a hexagonal organization. These structural modifications were related to a marked increase of elastomeric extensibility (up to 217%). While water vapor permeability was not impacted, the increase of glycerol content induced a significant decrease in oxygen permeability. None of the polyesters displayed biocide activity, but an increase of glycerol content significantly reduced the adhesion of bacterial cells, potentially giving rise to antifouling applications. </div>

Bio-inspired co-Polyesters of Hydroxy-Fatty Acids Extracted from Tomato Peel Agro-Wastes and Glycerol with Tunable Mechanical, Thermal and Barrier Properties

<div> By mimicking the cutin natural polyester networks of plant cuticles, we produced hydrophobic elastomers by a sustainable process, i.e., using a catalyst- and solvent-free polycondensation of glycerol and hydroxy fatty acids, two by-products of the agro-food industry. The hydroxy fatty acid fraction was obtained by ethanolic alkaline hydrolysis of cuticle from industrial tomato. This industrial-like fatty acid fraction contained more than 90% wt. of 9(10)-16 dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid (diOHC16). The co-polyesters were designed by increasing the ratio of esterified glycerol/diOHC16 in a range observed in plant cutins (up to 6% wt.). Their structure and functional properties (thermal, mechanical, gas permeability, interaction with bacterial cells) were characterized. Increasing the glycerol contents induced a significant decrease in the crosslink density of the polyesters and the formation of crystalline domains with a hexagonal organization. These structural modifications were related to a marked increase of elastomeric extensibility (up to 217%). While water vapor permeability was not impacted, the increase of glycerol content induced a significant decrease in oxygen permeability. None of the polyesters displayed biocide activity, but an increase of glycerol content significantly reduced the adhesion of bacterial cells, potentially giving rise to antifouling applications. </div>

PENGAYAAN ASAM LEMAK OMEGA-3 DARI MINYAK IKAN TUNA (Thunnus sp.) DI SULAWESI UTARA

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengayaan kandungan asam lemak omega-3 dari minyak ikan tuna (thunnus sp) di Sulawesi utara dengan metode kristalisasi dengan urea.Penelitian telah dilakukan dengan kristalisasi urea pada dua suhu berbeda dan waktu kristalisasi, selanjutnya hasil kristalisasi dianalisa dengan mengunakan analisis kromatografi lapis tipis dan analisis kromatografi gas. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa fraksi etil ester asam lemak dan urea meningkatkan kandungan asam lemak omega-3 pada minyak ikan. Kandungan asam lemak tak jenuh majemuk seperti kandungan DHA dan EPA meningkat dan mendapatkan hasil terbaik pada suhu 1˚C dengan waktu 24 jam. Sesudah kristalisasi urea asam lemak meningkat, asam lemak DHA pada kepalaikan tuna dari 33,00% menjadi 39,09%.Asam lemak EPA pada kepala tuna dari 1,26% menjadi 11,16%.ABSTRACT Research on the enrichment of omega-3 fatty acid content from tuna (thunnus sp) oil in North Sulawesi by crystallization method with urea has been carried out.Research has been carried out with urea crystallization at two different temperatures and crystallization time, then the crystallization results were analyzed using thin layer chromatography analysis and gas chromatography analysis.The results showed that the ethyl ester fatty acid fraction and urea increased the omega-3 fatty acid content in fish oil.The content of compound unsaturated fatty acids such as DHA and EPA content increases and gets the best results at 1˚C in 24 hours.After the crystallization of fatty acid urea increased, the fatty acid DHA in tuna fish heads from 33.00% to 39.09% EPA fatty acids in tuna heads from 1.26% to 11.16%.

LONG AND VERY LONG FATTY ACID FRACTIONATION IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS IN THE ACTIVE AND INACTIVE STATUS

Objective: Flare in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an exacerbation of SLE clinical features that were earlier quiescent. The disease activity changes from inactive to active with an increase of several immunological profiles; the rise of immune activity induces a metabolic shift in SLE patients. The previous study aimed to investigate the long and very long fatty acid fractions (LCFA and VLCFA) in the active and inactive statuses of SLE patients and showed there were dynamic changes in fatty acid fractions in SLE patients, compared to healthy subjects. The aim of this preliminary study is to investigate LCFA and VLCFA in the active and inactive condition of SLE patients. Methods: Four serum samples of active and inactive statuses from the same SLE patients were used in this study. Serum LCFA and VLCFA fractions were analyzed by a 7890 Gas Chromatography (GC) System 5977 Mass Selective Detector (MSD). Results: All of the LCFA and VLCFA fractions were increased in the active condition, compared to SLE patients in inactive, although they were statistically not different (p>0.05). The total fatty acid fraction was 38% higher in active condition compare to inactive. The prominent increase of fatty acid fractions was alpha-linolenic acid (inactive vs. active: 23.25±17.97 vs 48.25±38.58 μmol/l), oleic acid (1300±190.4 vs 1774±866.3 μmol/l) and myristic acid (31.25±12.76 vs 59.25±40.4 μmol/l). Conclusion: The serum of LCFA and VLCFA fractions in SLE patients tend to increase in active conditions.

Co-Polyesters of Hydroxy-Fatty Acids Extracted from Tomato Peel Agro-Wastes and Glycerol with Tunable 16 Mechanical, Thermal and Barrier Properties

<div>By mimicking the cutin natural polyester networks of plant cuticles, we produced hydrophobic elastomers by a sustainable process, i.e., using a catalyst- and solvent-free polycondensation of glycerol and hydroxy fatty acids, two by-products of the agro-food industry. The hydroxy-fatty acid fraction was obtained by alkaline hydrolysis in ethanol of peels from industrial tomato pomaces. This industrial-like fatty acid fraction contained more than 90% wt. of 9(10)-16 dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid (diOHC16). The co46 polyesters were designed by increasing the ratio of esterified glycerol/diOHC16 in a range observed in plant cutins (up to 6% wt.). Their structure and functional properties (thermal, mechanical, gas permeability, interaction with bacterial cells) were characterized. Increasing the glycerol contents induced a significant decrease in the reticulation degree of the polyesters and the formation of crystalline domains with an hexagonal organization. These structural modifications were related to a marked increase of elastomeric extensibility (up to 217%). While water vapor permeability was not impacted, the increase of glycerol content induced a significant decrease of oxygen permeability. None of the polyesters displayed biocide activity, but an increase of glycerol content significantly reduced the adhesion of bacterial cells, potentially giving rise to antifouling applications. Finally, the increasing content of free hydroxyl groups of the co-polyesters offer opportunities of grafting and covalent substitution for tailored functionalization<br></div>