DETERGENT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Работа предназначена для комплексного решения задач синтетического моющего производства: Обеспечение качества мойки, очистки. Каждая из этих проблем требует соблюдения соответствующих физико-химических параметров раствора, подходящих, с одной стороны, для образования мицеллы (при промывке), с другой - для разрушения коллоидной структуры раствора и выделения поверхностно-активных веществ (ПАВ) и загрязняющих веществ при очистке сточных вод. В работе изучены условия электрохимической обработки моющих растворов для повышения качества мойки и эффективной очистки. Полученные результаты позволили представить технологическую технологию, основанную на замкнутом круговороте воды. В качестве регулирующего агента рекомендуется использовать электролиты, которые обеспечивают дезинфекцию моющих растворов без значительной минерализации. The work is intended for a comprehensive solution of the problems of synthetic detergent production: Ensuring the quality of washing and cleaning. Each of these problems requires compliance with the appropriate physical and chemical parameters of the solution, suitable, on the one hand, for the formation of micelles (during washing), on the other - for the destruction of the colloidal structure of the solution and the release of surfactants (surfactants) and pollutants during wastewater treatment. The paper studies the conditions of electrochemical treatment of cleaning solutions to improve the quality of washing and effective cleaning. The results obtained allowed us to present a technological technology based on a closed water cycle. As a regulating agent, it is recommended to use electrolytes that provide disinfection of cleaning solutions without significant mineralization

NEW EXAMPLE OF USE OF LENS CULINARIS FOR PHYTOASSAY OF ECOTOXICITY OF CHEMICALS

Previously, toxicity of some synthetic detergents (including laundry detergents) to the plant seedlings of several species of terrestrial higher plants was discovered in research conducted at Moscow University by S.A.Ostroumov. A new example of toxicity of a laundry detergent to plant seedlings was found in this study. The synthetic detergent tested, namely the liquid laundry detergent (LLD) “Blue Moon”, which was manufactured by Blue Moon Group Co, Ltd (Guangzhou, China), produced noticeable phytotoxic effects on the plant seedlings of the terrestrial higher plant Lens culinaris. This detergent at the concentrations 0.5 % - 1% induced a pronounced decrease in the average root length of the seedlings of Lens culinaris. The concentration 5% was lethal to Lens culinaris. Keywords: ecotoxicity, detergent, bioassay, terrestrial higher plants, plant seedlings, root elongation, phytotoxicity, environmental toxicology, Lens culinaris

Influence of dipinaconborates on the corrosion resistance of ST3 steel in synthetic detergent solutions

Experimental data on the effect of lithium dipynaconborates (DPKBL), sodium (DPKBN) and potassium (DPKB) on the corrosion resistance of St3 steel in 3 % aqueous solutions of Labomid-203, MS-8 and Temp-100A synthetic detergents have been obtained. By measuring the stationary potentials of steel in solutions of synthetic detergents, the optimal concentration of dipinaconborates was revealed, which is 20 g/l, at which the highest corrosion resistance of steel is achieved. Studies of the corrosion-electrochemical behavior of St3 steel in 3 % aqueous solutions of Labomid-203, MS-8 and Temp-100A detergents showed that in the presence of dipinaconborates, the anode current density, at the same potentials, is much lower, and the passivation region is larger. than in CMC solutions. It was found that the corrosioninhibiting ability of dipinaconborates in CMC solutions increases in the series DPKBL < DPKBN < DPKBK, and potassium dipinaconborate has the greatest anticorrosive property. Dipinaconborates reduce the corrosion rate of steel at a washing solution temperature of 80 °C, the degree of protection is in the range from 71.4 to 90.6 %. And the braking coefficient is from 3.6 to 10.4. By analyzing the obtained experimental data, it was concluded that dipinaconborates increase the corrosion resistance of St3 steel and can be recommended as an anticorrosive additive to synthetic detergents.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ВЫСОКИХ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИЙ ДЕТЕРГЕНТА «SARMA» НА АКТИВНОСТЬ IN VITRO РЕСПИРАТОРНОГО МЕРЦАТЕЛЬНОГО ЭПИТЕЛИЯ SINANODONTA WOODIANA (LEA, 1834)

Nowadays the anthropogenic pollution of natural water bodies has become significant. In Ukraine, the pollutants, which are highly hazardous for aquatic organisms, include detergents entering water bodies as part of municipal fecal sewage. One of the pollutants is the synthetic detergent «Sarma», which is currently in high demand. This is a multi-component detergent containing 5–15% anionic and

DEVELOPMENT OF DETERGENT RECIPE WITH IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS

The research on the development of an innovative formula of a synthetic detergent with improved environmental properties, which meet the environmental standard of SOU OEM 08.002.12.065:2016 "Detergents and cleaning products. Environmental criteria for life cycle assessment" is carried out. The accumulated theoretical and practical experience is generalized, the general scheme of designing and development of new goods taking into account features of detergents with the improved ecological characteristics is created.

RISK ASSESSMENT OF HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS PRODUCT USE FOR THE POPULATION

Introduction. The range of household chemicals is constantly increasing, as a result of which the population is exposed to new detergents that can directly affect the health of the population, constantly in contact with chemicals in everyday life. These circumstances require sanitary and Toxicological study of household chemicals and the development of preventive measures aimed at protecting public health. Purpose of research. To assess the risk of using synthetic detergent based on anionic and nonionic surface active substance (SAS). Material and methods. To determine the average lethal dose (LD50), a sample of detergent was injected into the stomach of 6 male rats at a dose of 5000 mg per 1 kg of body weight. Irritant effect on the skin was determined with a single application of the working solution (1.25%) to 6 rats and 3 rabbits on the trimmed side section at an exposure of 4 h, followed by flushing and into the conjunctival eye bag to 6 Guinea pigs and 3 rabbits. The follow-up period was 14 days. A single skin-resorptive effect of the working solution was studied in 20 rats of two groups of 10 animals in the control group and 10 in the experimental group. Observation period - 14 days. Multiple resorptive action was studied in 20 rats in two groups (10 animals in the control group and 10 in the experimental group) to determine the peripheral blood of animals in the control and experimental groups. The sensitizing effect of the detergent sample was studied on 20 Guinea pigs in two groups (10 in the control group and 10 in the experimental group) by a combined method. Results. LD50 orally for male rats >5000 mg/kg b.w., with a single application to the skin of rats and rabbits and the mucous membrane of the eyes of guinea pigs and rabbits does not cause irritation, does not have skin-resorbtive action (rats), does not have an allergenic effect (guinea pigs). Discussion. According to the results of studies, in accordance with the classification according to the degree of exposure to harmful substances, the tested sample according to acute oral toxicity belongs to the 4th class of danger, irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eye - 0 points; clinical signs of intoxication with a single and multiple skin-resorptive action was not revealed; sensitizing effect - 0 points. Conclusions. The studied sample of a synthetic detergent according to the parameters of acute toxicity refers to low-risk compounds (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg b.w.), does not have an irritating effect on the skin and mucous membrane of the eye, sensitizing and skin-resorptive action, which allows us to conclude that there is no risk of using the studied sample, household chemicals for the population.

ВМІСТ ФОСФОЛІПІДІВ У ТКАНИНАХ КОРОПА ЛУCКАТОГО (CYPRINUS CARPIO L.) ЗА ДІЇ НАТРІЙ ЛАУРИЛСУЛЬФАТВМІСНОГО ТА БЕЗФОСФАТНОГО СИНТЕТИЧНИХ МИЮЧИХ ЗАСОБІВ

The biological laws of adaptation of fish to the action of surfactants are studied. Changes in the content of phospholipids in the gills, brain, liver and skeletal muscle of the scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) under the influence of sodium lauryl sulfate and nonphosphate synthetic detergent have been studied. Ambiguous mediated changes in indicators were identified under the action of toxicants. Such changes can be caused by both the direct action of surfactants on the body of hydrobionts and the peculiar restructuring of the lipid bichar in the direction of counteracting the influence of toxicants. With the experimental introduction of sodium lauryl sulfate-containing synthetic detergent and non-phosphate synthetic detergent into aquarium water, changes in the activity of phospholipids occur in all test tissues of the carp. When applying lauryl sulfate, we observe almost uniform effect on all investigated fabrics. With the tendency to increase, we observe indicators in the brain and white muscles, but with a tendency to decrease in the liver and gills. As for the effect of lauryl sulfate on the tissue, we observe the greatest importance in the liver tissues and uniform effect on the white muscle, brain and gills of the carp.

Effect of herbicides and surfactants on enzymes of energy metabolism in European carp

<p>The effect of herbicides (2,4-D, Roundup, Senkor) and surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (pure and as part of detergents) on enzymes of energy pathways in the scaly carp's body was studied. Gills, brain, liver and white muscle were selected for the analysis. To determine the levels of activity of enzymes in energy metabolism, lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) in the cytoplasmic fraction and isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) in the mitochondrial fraction were studied. The research found that sodium lauryl sulfate, both pure and in a synthetic detergent, increase the activity of enzymes in all experimental groups. Effect of herbicides was ambiguous. Under the influence of Sencor the activity of enzymes increases in all tissues. Roundup causes inhibition of enzymes in the brain, but there is an increase in the activity of enzymes in other tissues under the influence of this toxicant. The influence of 2,4-D causes increased activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase in all experimental groups, as well as the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the brain and the liver increases, whereas in gills and white muscle it decreases. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by the impact of 2,4-D was decreased only in the liver, in other groups - was increased. The investigations may be evidence of adaptive alterations in energy metabolism aimed at the survival of fish under conditions of herbicides and surfactants toxic effects. Also increase the activity of enzymes can be related to detoxification processes occurring in the body and require additional energy consumption. The article presents the results of the study of the influence of herbicides (2,4-D, Zenkor, Roundup) and surfactant the sodium laurylsulfate (pure and as a part of the synthetic detergent) on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the liver, gills, brain and white muscle of scaly carp (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em> L.). Human impact on water forcing fish to use various mechanisms of adaptation to the changed environmental conditions. Knowledge about the features of the receipt, distribution, accumulation of xenobiotics in organs and tissues, biochemical changes as a result of poisoning can be used to find out the mechanisms of fish's adaptation to toxicants, for identify the causes of death of hydrobionts in natural waters and to justify methods of controlling environmental pollution. The results of the research show that the influence of herbicides and surfactants causes significant changes in the processes of energy metabolism of scaly carp.</p>