Painful Points of Russian Strategic Development

The paper examines the external dependence of the Russian economy in the context of foreign sanctions, the withdrawal of capital from the Russian Federation abroad, the implemented management models of the largest domestic companies (mining sector, banks, retail, communications) and the attraction of cheap labor resources in the interests of domestic business. The thesis that a significant segment of the national economy does not de facto belong to the country is substantiated. It is determined that foreign citizens are allowed to make important corporate decisions at the system level, including attracting foreign labor and withdrawing capital abroad. The example of PJSC "Magnit" shows the replacement of Russian management with a foreign one in the context of the sanctions imposed against the Russian Federation. It is estimated that as of the end of 2020, about 50% of the country's GDP has been accumulated and placed abroad in the form of direct and portfolio investments from the Russian Federation. The response measures taken in the Russian Federation to foreign sanctions pressure could not reverse this negative situation. The replacement of the indigenous population of the Russian Federation by labor migrants with their gradual consolidation on the territory of the country in the future may lead to social and political risks that can manifest themselves most extensively during the internal crisis. The implementation of a nationally oriented scenario of socio-economic development remains difficult. This course of development can be implemented if the current model of the functioning of the national economy changes.

The Life and Death of the Manghit Qarachi-bek, Divei

Research objectives: To trace the fate of the sixteenth-century aristocrats from the Mansur kin of the Crimean Manghits, namely the brothers Baki, Khoja-Akhmed, Ak-Bibi, and Divei. To identify their role in political events in Eastern Europe and to establish the circumstances of the capture, stay in captivity, and the death of Divei – the most famous of these brothers. Research materials: Chronicles, Razriad books, diplomatic documents, folklore, and secondary materials of historical research. Results and novelty of the research: The author traced the fate of the brothers from the noble Maghit kin of Mansur, namely Baki, Khoja-Akhmed, Ak-Bibi and Divei, three of whom became Qarachi-beks in Crimea. They participated in the political life of Crimea, the Nogai Horde, Astrakhan, Azov, the Russian state, Hungary, and Iran. Prince Divei was a typical steppe bagatur, a seeker of fame and fortune, as well as an active enemy of the Russian State. He repeatedly raided the Russian lands and displayed outstanding abilities as a commander. He was aggressive, brave, determined, and cruel. In 1572, he commanded the Crimean troops in the Battle of Molodino and was captured by the Russians. The capture of their commander was one of the reasons for the defeat of the Crimeans. This event once more saved the Russian state from external dependence. Devlet-Girei Khan made considerable efforts to free the Qarachi-bek during the battle, but these were in vain. Attempts to redeem or exchange the prisoner were likewise in vain. Ivan the Terrible was aware of the threat posed by this figure and did not want to free his noble prisoner. In 1576, the death of Prince Divei was announced in Moscow. Historiography calls into question his death in 1575. There is an opinion that Divei was baptized and entered the service of Ivan the Ter­rible under the name of Daniil-murza. In this article, the author contends that those historians who compared Divei with Daniil-murza approached the issue superficially, not considering all the sources, and therefore came to the wrong conclusions. These began to be repeated in subsequent publications. Prince Divei and Daniil-murza were different persons. Divei did not agree to accept Orthodoxy and was executed. The elimination of the famous military leader from its political life contributed to a decrease in the aggression of the Crimean Khanate towards Russia as well as the destabilization of the political situation in Crimea.

Risk of Global External Cereals Supply under the Background of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Based on the Perspective of Trade Network

International food trade is an integral part of the food system, and the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the fragility of external food supplies. Based on the perspective of cereals trade networks (CTN), the pandemic risk is combined with the trade intensity between countries, and an assessment model of cereals external supply risk is constructed that includes external dependence index (EDI), import concentration, and risk of COVID-19 from import countries index (RICI). The results show that: (1) the global main CTN have typical scale-free characteristics, and seven communities are detected under the influence of the core countries; (2) about 60%, 50%, and 70% of countries face risks of medium and above (high and very high) external dependence, concentration of imports, and COVID-19 in the country of origin, respectively. Under the influence of the pandemic, the risk of global external cereal supply index (RECSI) has increased by 65%, and the USA-CAN communities show the highest risk index; (3) the countries with a very high risk are mainly the Pacific island countries and the Latin American and African countries. In addition, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, and 80% of the net food-importing developing countries are at high or very high RECSI levels. Approximately 50% of countries belong to the compound risk type, and many export countries belong to the RICI risk type; (4) global external food supply is subjected to multiple potential threats such as trade interruption, “price crisis”, and “payment dilemma”. The geographical proximity of community members and the geographical proximity of the pandemic risk is superimposed, increasing the regional risk of external food supply; and (5) this study confirms that the food-exporting countries should avoid the adoption of food export restriction measures and can prevent potential external supply risks from the dimensions of maintaining global food liquidity and promoting diversification of import sources. We believe that our assessment model of cereals external supply risk comprises a useful method for investigations regarding the international CTN or global food crisis under the background of the pandemic.

ACELERAÇÃO OU INTERRUPÇÃO DAS TENDÊNCIAS BRASILEIRAS DO SUBDESENVOLVIMENTO E DEPENDÊNCIA?

Prestes a completar duzentos anos de sua independência nacional, o Brasil encontra-se diante das preocupações com o subdesenvolvimento e a dependência externa, sobretudo com o avanço do capitalismo 4.0. Diante das intensas transformações nacionais registradas ao longo do tempo, especialmente no período mais recente, consideram-se as respostas educacional, científica e tecnologia frente ao frente ao reposicionamento brasileiro na interior da Divisão Internacional do Trabalho.Palavras-chaves: Trabalho.Educação.Tecnologia.Dependência.SubdesenvolvimentoACCELERATION OR INTERRUPTION OF BRAZILIAN TENDENCIES OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND DEPENDENCE?AbstractAbout to complete two hundred years of its national independence, Brazil is facing concerns about underdevelopment and external dependence, especially with the advance of capitalism 4.0. In view of the intense national transformations recorded over time, especially in the most recent period, the educational, scientific and technological responses to the Brazilian repositioning within the International Labor Division are considered.Key words: Job. Education. Technology. Dependency. Underdevelopment.¿ACELERACIÓN O INTERRUPCIÓN DE LAS TENDENCIAS BRASILEÑAS DE SUBDESARROLLO Y DEPENDENCIA?ResumenA punto de cumplir doscientos años de su independencia nacional, Brasil enfrenta preocupaciones sobre el subdesarrollo y la dependencia externa, especialmente con el avance del capitalismo 4.0. En vista de las intensas transformaciones nacionales registradas en el tiempo, especialmente en el período más reciente, se consideran las respuestas educativas, científicas y tecnológicas al reposicionamiento brasileño dentro de la División Internacional del Trabajo.Palabras clave: Trabajo. Educación. Tecnología. Dependencia. Subdesarrollo.

Study on the impact of energy and environmental efficiencybased on DEA-ENDDF and Tobit model

Based on the resource allocation effect, technological innovation effect and competition effect, this paper takes eight comprehensive areas as decision-making units, uses DEA-ENDDF method under the theoretical framework of total factor production with non-radial distance function, calculates energy and environmental efficiency through NDDF of MaxDEA software, makes hypothesis test, and uses Tobit model to analyze the influencing factors of energy and environmental efficiency, such as transportation foundation, economic structure, technological progress, external dependence, energy endowment, population density and other factors are analyzed by regression analysis. Finally, the conclusion is given, in order to explore useful conclusions and explore new ways of energy conservation and emission reduction.

Research on China’s Energy External Dependence and Energy Strategy

After the reform and opening up, with the rapid development of economy and science and technology, high-tech products such as high-speed railway, train, aircraft, missile and rocket appear in response to the times. As people’s living standards develop, they have a high consumption demand towards energy. For example, coal gas and natural gas take the place of firewood, and various new energy such as wind energy, tidal energy and solar energy emerge. China is now seeing a rapid industrialization. Although the amount of China’s energy is large, the rigid demand of energy remains tense in supply and demand. Relatively speaking, China has a high energy external dependence, thus a series of measures were launched such as greatly advocating the implementation of new energy and reducing the exploitation quantity of coal properly. This paper will analyze the import and export data of various kinds of energy from 2015 to 2019 and calculate the external dependence level in 2019. After analyzing the current situation in China and consulting the national policies and information, the author will put forward suggestions on the current situation of China’s energy.

Analysis of Brazilian Manufacters in the COVID-19 Diagnostic Products by ANVISA

In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. Diagnostic and screening tests have been important tools for the clinical characterization of diseases such as COVID-19. This study aimed to analyze the presence of Brazilian manufacturers in the COVID-19 products approved by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA). This research used the ANVISA database, in which 329 registered products were identified. We classified them into 4 methods, 3 of which were the object of careful analysis. The results showed Brazil’s external dependence on products from other countries, mainly from China.

Complete the Process of Decolonization!

December 14, 1960 marks the 60th anniversary of the adoption on the initiative of the USSR of the Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples by the XV Session of the UN General Assembly (GA). The author analyzes the significance of this act for the subsequent process of liberation of peoples from colonial rule from the perspective of the historical developments of the next six decades. The author comes up with a new interpretation of the diplomatic tactics chosen by the Soviet Union at the UN as well as in the confronting imperialist countries elsewhere on the timing of granting independence, ensuring the territorial integrity of the emerging young states, the presence of foreign bases and zones of extraterritorial jurisdiction on their land. The article provides a comparative analysis of the texts of the declaration proposed for consideration by the GA by the Soviet Union and the adopted version of the Declaration of the UN GA Resolution 1415 (XV). The author analyzes the situation in the world after the dismemberment of the USSR, from the perspective of the degree of completion of the decolonization process. He comes to the conclusion that in place of traditional colonialism, a project of a new global coloniality is being introduced, which preserves the fundamental and essential characteristics of actual colonial rule: external dependence and economic exploitation.