Employment and Livelihoods among Tribal in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-277
Author(s):  
Balwant Singh Mehta ◽  
Bharat Singh
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Income Group ◽  
National Sample ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Tribal People ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Reservation Policy ◽  
The Government

The present article attempts to explore one of the most pertinent issues of livelihood among tribals in India. In this context, the following two key issues have been examined: (a) whether tribal people are still engaged primarily in agriculture or forestry related activities for their livelihood or they have moved to non-farm and industrial activities over the years and (b) whether the government affirmative action like reservation policy has helped the tribal people in joining more government/public/formal sector jobs. This article is based on analysis of last two decades secondary data from National Sample Surveys (NSS) and Census of India. On the basis of the analysis of the data it has been observed that the participation of tribals in public sector or formal sector jobs has increased over the years, which may be due to various affirmative actions by the governments’ reservation policy. However, the human capital base of tribals is still much below the other social groups. Another important fact has been revealed through probit regression analysis that the government reservation policy is exclusionary in effect. Maximum benefits have been derived by those who are highly educated and those who belong to high income group. These issues need urgent policy interventions for creating better livelihood conditions for the tribal population particularly for those who are relatively less benefitted.

Consumer Purchasing Behaviour towards Organic Products in Thailand

2014 ◽  
pp. 411-433
Author(s):  
Yaowarat Sriwaranun ◽  
Christopher Gan ◽  
Minsoo Lee ◽  
David A. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Food Stores ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Female Consumers ◽  
Organic Products ◽  
Purchasing Behaviour ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

This study investigates the factors affecting consumers’ decisions to purchase organic products. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data from consumers who are primary shoppers for their households at five retail stores in the Bangkok metropolitan area. Using psychological and socio-demographics variables, exploratory factor analysis and logistic regression was used to examine consumers’ decisions to purchase organic products. Results suggest that consumers who are knowledgeable about organic products often purchase groceries at natural/health food stores, are concerned about health and food safety, and are more likely to purchase organic products. In addition, middle-aged female consumers who are highly educated and in the high income group are more likely to be organic consumers. In contrast, households who often dine out or consume takeaway food are less likely to purchase organic products.

scholarly journals Hak Ekonomi Perempuan: Pekerja Rumahan dalam Jangkauan Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 001-007
Author(s):  
Agusmidah Agusmidah
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Community Group ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Long Working Hours ◽  
Work Relations ◽  
Workplace Accidents ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government

Pekerja rumahan belum banyak dikenal dan keberadaannya tidak terlihat sebagai kelompok masyarakat produktif, bahkan data statistik tidak mengkategorikan perempuan pekerja rumahan sebagai golongan pekerja, tetapi sebagai ibu rumah tangga. Informalisasi pekerja rumahan berdampak pada kondisi kerja yang tidak menguntungkan, upah rendah, tidak ada kontrak kerja, tidak ada jaminnan sosial, jam kerja panjang, rentan atas resiko kecelakaan kerja, dsb. Tulisan ini dimaksud dapat menjawab persoalan hukum atas perlindungan pekerja rumahan, menggunakan data sekunder, dengan pendekatan perundang- undangan namun tetap diisi kajian sosiologi dan antropologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kaburnya status hubungan kerja pekerja rumahan menyebabkan hilangnya sejumlah hak pekerja, dan keadaan ini merupakan dampak dari fleksibilitas hubungan kerja. Pemerintah tidak bisa menghilangkan tanggungjawab pengawasan dan perlindungan meskipun sektor informal belum tercakup sebanyak sektor formal dalam UU Ketenagakerjaan   Homeworkers have not been widely known and their existence is not seen as a productive community group, even the statistical data do not categorize women homeworkers as workers, but as housewives. Informalization of homeworkers has an impact on unfavorable working conditions, low wages, no employment contracts, no social security, long working hours, vulnerability to the risk of workplace accidents, etc. This paper was intended to be able to answer legal issues regarding the protection of homeworkers, using secondary data, with a legal approach but still filled with sociology and anthropology studies. The results of the study indicated that the blurring of the status of work relations of homeworkers caused the loss of a number of workers' rights, and this situation was an impact of the flexibility of work relations. The government could not eliminate the oversight and protection responsibilities even though the informal sector had not been covered as much as the formal sector in the Major Labour Laws.

A Study on Socio-Economic Status of Tribal People in Thane and Raigad Districts, Maharashtra

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabhakar Chavan
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Tribal People ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government

The paper intends to study the socio-economic conditions of the tribals residing in the remote hilly and forest areas, in the area of Thane and Raigad districts in Maharashtra. The people are very poor economically, socially and educationally. They are living hand to mouth. They depend mostly on the forest produce and agriculture for their livelihood. The government officials for the upliftment and development of the tribal are over there but many people are not aware about the government programmers and schemes. In terms of methodology, both primary and secondary data have been used. Data are both qualitative and quantitative in nature. Wherever necessary, quantitative data have been presented in tabular and graph forms. The paper concludes that in both Thane and Raigad districts, the socio-economic status of the tribal people is substantially lower than the general people. There is an urgent need to launch income generating, educational, and health awareness programmes to help them to take up opportunities given by NGOs and government.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Women Entrepreneurship Performance in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safiyyah Muhammad Aliyu
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Women Entrepreneurship ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
The Government

Entrepreneurial activities are important factors in creating and increasing employment opportunities and fuelling economic growth. Entrepreneurship is an important source of job creation and opening career opportunities for both women and men. However, women are less likely to have successful enterprises or businesses than men. This paper is aimed at assessing women entrepreneurship in Nigeria: their present state of involvement in comparison to the male entrepreneurs, their challenges, contributions and performance in the formal and informal business sector of the economy. The paper employed the descriptive method of analysis. An inductive methodology involving observation, collection of secondary data and the analysis of such data was employed. To this end, a lot was devoted to the presentation and analysis of data obtained from the Small and Medium Enterprise Development Agency of Nigeria, the National Bureau of Statistics and the Federal Office of Statistics. It was discovered that women participate more in the micro business (informal sector) constituting 42.1% of the ownership structure. Their performance constitutes 13.57% in the formal sector as against the male entrepreneurs at 86.43%. Their poor performance and contribution are a result of the constraints they face. It was also discovered that their performance was higher in the Trade and Agricultural Sector in 1997 but higher in the Education and Service Sector by 2012. Among others, it is recommended that good practice in supporting women entrepreneurship should be initiated by the government in the form of training courses, advisory services or creating awareness campaigns.  

DOES TRADE-OFF BETWEEN CHILD QUANTITY AND CHILD QUALITY EXIST IN MALAYSIA?

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (04) ◽  
pp. 1550021 ◽  
Author(s):  
NOR AZAM ABDUL-RAZAK ◽  
MOHD ZAINI ABD KARIM ◽  
ROSLAN ABDUL-HAKIM
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Public Provision ◽  
Child Quality ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Government

This paper analyzed whether the child quantity-quality (CQQ) trade-off is applicable in the case of Malaysia. Utilizing the instrumental variable (IV) method, our analysis produces results that are consistent with the hypothesis that the trade-off is unlikely to be applicable to Malaysia as a whole due to the generous public provision of education. However, the results show that the CQQ trade-off exists for the high-income group. Taken together, if both a larger stock of human capital and population are desired, the government should continue to provide education for its people while at the same time maintain policies that stimulate growth.

Gender And Access To Credit In Micro And Small Enterprises In Mutare, Zimbabwe

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. 224-243
Author(s):  
David Damiyano ◽  
Nirmala Dorasamy
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Gender

The research study sought to investigate the relationship between access to credit and gender in urban areas of Zimbabwe in which the informal sector is larger than the formal sector. In order to achieve this, the study used the Grameen Theory of micro-lending in Bangladesh, the MC2 theory and ROSCAs theories. The study used secondary data obtained from ZIMSTATS, World Bank, Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries (CZI), the Wisrod website and other publications. E-Views was used to analyze the data using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) for estimation. The results obtained revealed that gender and age of the client are insignificant in determining accessibility of credit from MFIs. Work attendance, loan repayment ability and profit per day have a positive relationship with access to credit; and firm age has a negative relationship with access to credit in Zimbabwe. In light of these results, the study recommended the government to increase access of credit so as to increase economic activity where there is a large informal sector.  In addition, it also recommended that the government should implement policies which enable the participation of women and also use credit creation multipliers as a way to increase economic activity leading to economic growth.

scholarly journals Measuring Socio-Economic Inequality in Self-Reported Morbidity in India: Decomposition Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.D. Azharuddin Akhtar ◽  
Nadeem Ahmad ◽  
Indrani Roy Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Related Inequality ◽  
The Government

This paper assesses socio-economic inequalities in self-reported morbidities (SRMs) among households in India. Particularly, we addressed two questions. Is socio-economic-related inequality in SRMs significantly pro-rich or pro-poor? What are the major socio-economic and regional determinants contributing to inequality? This study is based on National Sample Survey 71st round (2014). We calculated equity ratio and concentration index (CI) to assess socio-economic-related inequality. Further, we applied probit regression and decomposition of CI to identify the major factors contributing to inequality. The finding suggests that SRMs and hospital admission have significantly pro-rich distribution, and accessibility to healthcare is a constraint against poor households. After adjusting the inequality, the unjust inequality due to socio-economic gradient is still found to be significant. Overall, income and regional differences are observed to be inflating factors, while education and insurance are observed to be deflating factors in socio-economic inequality in SRMs. High out-of-pocket expenditure with high proportion of transportation cost indicates high burden of accessing healthcare, which acts as a deterrent for poor in seeking healthcare. The government targets of investing 2.5 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product in the healthcare sector and running an ambitious programme like Universal Health Coverage are necessary efforts in the presence of income and health inequalities.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF COVID 19 ON THE UMRAH AND HAJJ BUSINESS PLUS IN EAST JAKARTA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-179
Author(s):  
Ryan Firdiansyah ◽  
Basneldi Basneldi ◽  
IG.N.Willy Hermawan ◽  
Muzayyanah Yuliasih ◽  
Bekti Setiadi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Analysis Approach ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Travel Agents ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to find out the state of the Umrah and Hajj travel agents in the face of the Covid 19 pandemic that is currently happening. The research method used in this study is a descriptive study with a qualitative analysis approach, and uses the results of informant interviews and secondary data from correspondence reports that help provide secondary data to support this research. Corona virus or corona virus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has made the domestic economy contract, the Ministry of Finance noted several problems caused by the outbreak of this virus increased unemployment rate 1.2 million formal sector and 265,000 informal sector, Indonesian Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) below level 50 which is only 45.3 in March 2020. Third, more than 12,703 flights at 15 airports were canceled from January to February, with details of 11,680 domestic flights and 1,023 international flights, the government of Saudi Arabia also issued rules prohibiting the use of Umrah for all countries. This problem will affect the organizers of Umrah or Umrah travel in Indonesia, researchers take samples, especially in the area of ​​East Jakarta, research using descriptive methods with a qualitative analysis approach, this research uses the method by interviewing directly from competent sources in the field of aviation, organizing umrah.

JAMINAN SOSIAL TENAGA KERJA DI INDONESIA SEBAGAI NEGARA KESEJAHTERAAN DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PROGRESIF

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayunita Nur Rohanawati
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Collection Process ◽  
The People ◽  
Document Collection ◽  
The Government ◽  
Security Regulations

AbstractThis study aims to determine the social security system adopted by Indonesia, see Indonesia as a function of the welfare state as mandated by the 1945 Constitution has not done well, and to know the view of progressive legal theory legislation related to social security in providing solutions to the problems of social security the workforce. This research is devoted to the study of normative legal systematics, which is intended to determine the implementation of a theory of the legal conditions that exist in society. Results of this study produces a secondary data. The data obtained from the document collection process or library materials. Of the collection process, the data were analyzed qualitatively, systematically arranged, and presented descriptively. The results showed that Indonesia is still not able to fully administer social security for the people, where social security is still a “black and white” but the State has not been able in practice to assume responsibility for the implementation of social security as a whole. About social security, the Government is still not able to provide significant changes to the equalization gain social security for the workers, but changes in social security regulations on labor is performed repeatedly. Necessary party whom dared to take a policy or decisions that benefit the workers to realize the welfare of the workers. Parties reffered to the law is used as a progressive peeler, is a party that has an important role that enterpreneurs and the Industrial Relations Court Judge.Keywords: Social Security, Labour, Progressive LawIntisariPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sistem jaminan sosial yang dianut Indonesia, melihat fungsi Indonesia sebagai negara kesejahteraan sesuai amanat Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 belum terlaksana dengan baik, serta untuk mengetahui teori hukum progresif memandang peraturan perundang-undangan terkait jaminan sosial tenaga kerja dalam memberikan solusi atas permasalahan jaminan sosial tenaga kerja tersebut.Penelitian ini bersifat normatif yang dikhususkan pada penelitian sistematika hukum, yang dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui implementasi pelaksanaan suatu teori terhadap kondisi hukum yang ada di masyarakat. Hasil penelitian ini menghasilkan suatu data sekunder. Data tersebut diperoleh dari proses pengumpulan dokumen atau bahan pustaka. Dari proses pengumpulan tersebut, data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara kualitatif disusun secara sistematis dan disajikan secara deskriptif.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia masih belum mampu secara seutuhnya menyelenggarakan jaminan sosial bagi rakyat, dimana jaminan sosial tersebut masih sebatas “hitam diatas putih” namun, negara belum mampu dalam pelaksanaannya untuk mengemban tanggung jawab pelaksanaan jaminan sosial tersebut secara utuh. Tentang jaminan sosial tenaga kerja, pemerintah masih belum mampu memberikan perubahan yang signifikan terhadap pemerataan perolehan jaminan sosial tenaga kerja bagi para pekerja tersebut, padahal perubahan peraturan tentang jaminan sosial tenaga kerja tersebut berulang kali dilakukan. Diperlukan pihak yang berani untuk mengambil suatu kebijakan atau keputusan yang bermanfaat bagi pekerja demi terwujudnya kesejahteraan bagi pekerja. Pihak sebagaimana dimaksud jika hukum progresif yang digunakan sebagai alat pengupas, adalah pihak yang memiliki peran penting yaitu pengusaha dan Hakim Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial.Kata Kunci: Jaminan Sosial, Tenaga Kerja, Hukum Progresif.

Agro-Innovation – Path to Agricultural Entrepreneurship: Feasibility Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Elias Kamaruzzaman ◽  
Norzaidi Mohd Daud ◽  
Samsudin Wahab ◽  
Rozhan Abu Dardak
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Technology Changes ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The Government ◽  
Agricultural Entrepreneurship

Technology changes will always be for the better, not only to the end users but also to the intellectual property owners of the technology and the implementers of the technology. The objective of this paper is to study the feasibility and viability for entrepreneurs to become service providers for the dispensation of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and supporting services such as aerial crop reconnaissance using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) or drones. The methodology used for this study is SWOT Analysis. Both primary and secondary data is used for this analysis. This study finds that paddy farming employing drones is feasible. The beneficiaries of this study shall be the government, by way of lowering financial cost to subsidise the paddy planting, the farmers who no longer need the services of migrant workers, thus saving production cost, and finally the drone service providers and their downstream business associates who can engaged themselves in very lucrative businesses.

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