Archaeology of Botswana

The prehistory of Botswana concerns the sophisticated environmental knowledge, economic strategies, and social networks of the hunter-gatherer, pastoralists, and agropastoralist communities that have called Botswana home. Diverse subsistence strategies and societal structures ranging from heterarchical to hierarchical have coincided and responded flexibly to climate and environmental variables. Botswana has also played a central, but often overlooked, role in precolonial trade within the interior of Africa and across the Indian Ocean. Botswana contains well-preserved archaeological records for the Middle Stone Age, Late Stone Age, and Iron Age periods, including one of the highest concentrations of rock art in the world at Tsodilo Hills. The prehistory of Botswana extends over 100,000 years and includes successful, innovative, and adaptive occupations in a wide variety of environmental zones, from the Okavango Delta to the Kalahari sandveld, and better-watered hardveld areas in the east. Stone Age peoples adapted to both arid and wet lands, and the archaeological record includes early evidence for freshwater fish exploitation. Hunting with bone points dates to 35,000 years ago, with additional evidence for poisonous, reversible arrowheads between 21,000 and 30,000 years ago. Evidence for ritualized behavior through rock paintings, rock carvings, and the intentional destruction and abandonment of stone tools at Tsodilo Hills provides further insights to the social dimensions of early peoples. In the Iron Age, hunter-gatherer communities and agropastoralists participated in a regional and later protoglobal trade across the Indian Ocean for a thousand years before European involvement; as the regional economy intensified, large polities such as Bosutswe and even kingdoms such as the Butua state emerged, controlling access to resources such as game, ivory, salt, specularite, and gold. In the modern era, the historical archaeology of sites such as Old Palapye (Phalatswe) provide additional insight to historical documents that can contradict Eurocentric understandings of Botswana’s past.

Early Holocene Scandinavian foragers on a journey to affluence: Mesolithic fish exploitation, seasonal abundance and storage investigated through strontium isotope ratios by laser ablation (LA‐MC-ICP‐MS)

At Norje Sunnansund, an Early Holocene settlement in southern Sweden, the world’s earliest evidence of fermentation has been interpreted as a method of managing long-term and large-scale food surplus. While an advanced fishery is suggested by the number of recovered fish bones, until now it has not been possible to identify the origin of the fish, or whether and how their seasonal migration was exploited. We analysed strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) in 16 cyprinid and 8 pike teeth, which were recovered at the site, both from within the fermentation pit and from different areas outside of it, by using laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Our investigation indicates three different regions of origin for the fish at the site. We find that the most commonly fermented fish, cyprinids (roach), were caught in the autumn during their seasonal migration from the Baltic Sea to the sheltered stream and lake next to the site. This is in contrast to the cyprinids from other areas of the site, which were caught when migrating from nearby estuaries and the Baltic Sea coast during late spring. The pikes from the fermentation pit were caught in the autumn as by-catch to the mainly targeted roach while moving from the nearby Baltic Sea coast. Lastly, the pikes from outside the fermentation pit were likely caught as they migrated from nearby waters in sedimentary bedrock areas to the south of the site, to spawn in early spring. Combined, these data suggest an advanced fishery with the ability to combine optimal use of seasonal fish abundance at different times of the year. Our results offer insights into the practice of delayed-return consumption patterns, provide a more complete view of the storage system used, and increase our understanding of Early Holocene sedentism among northern hunter-fisher-gatherers. By applying advanced strontium isotope analyses to archaeological material integrated into an ecological setting, we present a methodology that can be used elsewhere to enhance our understanding of the otherwise elusive indications of storage practices and fish exploitation patterns among ancient foraging societies.

ANALISIS BIOEKONOMI PERIKANAN TUNA SIRIP KUNING DI LARANTUKA, KABUPATEN FLORES TIMUR, INDONESIA

Tingginya permintaan tuna sirip kuning baik dalam memenuhi kebutuhan pasar mancanegara dan pasar lokal, berdampak pada keberlanjutan perikanan tuna tersebut. Wilayah perairan Flores Timur adalah salah satu lokasi migrasi bagi tuna sirip kuning; Kecamatan Larantuka merupakan tempat pendaratan terpenting bagi nelayan lokal handline tuna sirip kuning. Kegiatan perikanan tuna sirip kuning ini merupakan salah satu pendapatan utama bagi nelayan lokal dan pemerintah daerah setempat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi tingkat eksploitasi dan menganalisa rezim pemanfaatan dari perikanan handline tuna sirip kuning di Larantuka, Flores Timur. Model bioekonomi Fox dan Copes digunakan dalam penelitian untuk menganalisa tingkat lestari sumber daya tuna ekor kuning dari pendekatan input dan output. Hasil estimasi dari kedua model menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pemanfaatan sumber daya ikan tuna sirip kuning oleh nelayan lokal handline masih dalam zona lestari secara ekonomi dan ekologi. Maximum economic yield (MEY) merupakan strategi terbaik untuk mengelola keberlanjutan perikanan tuna sirip kuning di perairan Flores Timur. Melalui pengelolaan rezim MEY diperkirakan dapat menyerap tenaga kerja lebih dari 30 orang, peningkatan armada alat penangkapan sebanyak 25 unit dan pemasukan keuntungan secara ekonomi sebesar Rp68.123.060.000,00 per tahun.Title: Bioeconomic Analysis of Yellowfin Tuna Fishery in Larantuka of East Flores Regency, Indonesia The high demand for yellowfin tuna both in national and international markets has a consequence to the fish resources sustainability. Eastern Flores water is a major area of this tuna mobility; the district of Larantuka is the central port for local yellowfin tuna handline fisheries. These activities are substantial incomes for the local community and regional government. This study, therefore, aims to calculate fish exploitation level and to analyze appropriate management for yellowfin tuna fisheries in Larantuka, East Flores. The bioeconomics Fox and Copes models are used to evaluating the optimal fisheries from input and output approaches. The models’ applications demonstrated that yellowfin tuna handline fisheries are currently estimated sustainable both in ecology and economics. During the study period, the maximum economic yield (MEY) is a recommended strategy to manage yellowfin tuna fisheries in Larantuka, Eastern Flores. The strategy contributes to increasing the number of workers about 30 people, the number of fishing fleets about 25 units and reaching the economic rent IDR 68.123.060.000,00 in a year

LEKSIKON IKAN DALAM SAMPIRAN PANTUN MELAYU [Fish Lexiconin Sampiranof Malay Pantun]

Damaging the environment and high level of fish exploitation are feared for the extinction of fish habitats. The extinction of fish habitat resulted to the extinction of local languages. In the context of tradition, the preservation of ecological lexicon, one of which is found on sampiran of the pantun. This study discusses the existence of fish lexicon contained in the pantun’s sampiran. The purpose of this study is examining the level of survival of the Malay language of Barus related to the fish lexicon. The threat of this research uses ecolinguistic theory. The method used is a mixed research method between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Based on the research data, there are 10 fresh water fish lexicon and 30 sea fish lexicon originating from 40 pantun’s couplet. From 40 respondent’s answers, it is known that the marine fish lexicon is in the defensive category, slightly decreasing, that is 23.3%. Meanwhile, the freshwater fish lexicon is classified as threatened.Rusaknya lingkungan dan tingkat eksploitasi ikan yang tinggi dikuatirkan akan berdampak pada punahnya habitat ikan. Konsekuensinya itu juga berdampak pada punahnya bahasa lokal. Pada konteks tradisi, pelestarian leksikon ekologi, salah satunya terdapat pada sampiran pantun. Penelitian ini membahas keberadaan leksikon ikan yang terdapat pada sampiran pantun. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengkaji tingkat kebertahanan bahasa Melayu Barus berkaitan dengan leksikon ikan. Ancangan penelitian ini menggunakan teori ekolinguistik. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian gabungan (mixed methods) antara metode penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Berdasarkan data penelitian terdapat 10 leksikon ikan air tawar dan 30 leksikon ikan laut yang berasal dari 40 bait pantun. Dari 40 jawaban responden diketahui bahwa untuk leksikon ikan laut berada dalam kategori bertahan, sedikit mengalami penurunan, yaitu 23,3%. Sementara untuk leksikon ikan air tawar masuk pada kategori terancam.

STRUKTUR UKURAN DAN TINGKAT PEMANFAATAN IKAN LENCAM (Lethrinus lentjan Lacepede, 1802) PERAIRAN ARAFURA DI PROBOLINGGO

AbstrakPenangkapan ikan di perairan Arafura banyak dilakukan oleh nelayan dari Pulau Jawa diantaranya Jakarta, Probolinggo, Pati, dan Indramayu. Nelayan dari Probolinggo yang menangkap ikan di perairan Arafura (WPP 718) menggunakan alat tangkap jaring dan pancing rawai dengan tujuan utama adalah ikan demersal, yaitu kakap (Lutjanus spp.), kerapu (Epeniphelus spp.), lencam (Lethrinus lentjan.), dan lainnya. Pemanfaatan ikan demersal terutama ikan lencam (Lethrinus lentjan) yang terus-menerus akan memicu terjadinya perubahan stok populasi ikan di perairan, sehingga diperlukan analisa ilmiah sebagai dasar pengelolaan perikanan. Tujuan dari analisa ilmiah ini untuk menjadi nilai kontrol dalam pengawasan jumlah eksploitasi ikan dan bahan pengkajian stok ikan lencam (Lethrinus lentjan). Penelitian dilakukan Februari hingga Desember 2017 di TPI Mayangan Probolinggo. Struktur ukuran ikan 23–65 cmFL dengan dominan pada ukuran 50 cmFL dengan ukuran pertama kali tertangkap (Lc) 44,5 cmFL. Laju pertumbuhan (K) 0,32 per tahun dengan panjang asimtotik 74 cmFL. Tingkat kematian karena penangkapan (F) lebih tinggi daripada tingkat kematian alami (M) dan tingkat eksploitasi E = 0,57%, yang berarti telah terjadi overfishing. Pengurangan eksploitasi sebesar 14%, dan penetapan ukuran layak tangkap serta ukuran legal diperdagangkan dapat menjadi upaya dalam dalam menjaga populasi ikan lencam.Abstract Fishing in Arafura waters is mostly done by fishermen from Java, including Jakarta, Probolinggo, Pati, and Indramayu. Fishermen from Probolinggo who catch fish in Arafura waters (FMA 718) use fishing nets and longline fishing with the main purpose being demersal fish, namely snapper (Lutjanus spp.), Groupers (Epeniphelus spp.), Lencam (Lethrinus lentjan) and others. Exploitation of demersal fish, especially lencam fish (Lethrinus lentjan) which will continually trigger changes in fish population stock in waters, so the scientific analysis is needed as a basis for fisheries management. The purpose of this scientific analysis is to become a control value in monitoring the amount of fish exploitation for fish stock assessment (Lethrinus lentjan). The study was conducted from February to December 2017 at TPI Mayangan Probolinggo. The size structure of fish 23–65 cmFL with a dominant size of 50 cmFL with the length at first capture (Lc) 44.5 cmFL. Growth rate (K) 0.32 per year with an asymptotic length of 74 cmFL. The fishing mortality (F) is higher than the natural mortality (M) and the exploitation level E = 0.57%, which means overfishing has occurred. The 14% reduction in exploitation and the determination of catch size and legal size of trade can be an effort in maintaining fish populations.

Pengetahuan Adaptif Penangkapan Ikan Nelayan Tidung di Juata Laut, Tarakan untuk Menghindari Overfishing: Kajian Ekologi Linguistik

This study aims to describe the adaptive knowledge of Tidung fishermen about the fishing methods. Then, language data is collected through literature study, field observations with in-depth interviews with informants related to all fishing activities of Tidung fishermen. Therefore, data analysis begins with the grouping of data, analysis of domains, grouping categories of types of fishing equipment Tidung fishermen. After that, the data are described in terms of sentences, phrases, words, and are equipped with tables.The results showed that the fishing methods of Tidung fishermen were adaptive following the categorization and ecology of the fish planned to follow natural conditions so that fish exploitation was not excessive.Keywords: fishing, Tidung fishermen, linguistic ecology

The Exploitation of Fish Resources in Indonesia’s Exclusive Economic Zone to Make Indonesia Become the World’s Maritime Axis

<p>This article aimed to investigate the philosophical aspect of fish exploitation in Exclusive Economic Zone (i..e, ZEE) to make Indonesia become the World’s Maritime Axis. The result found that the basic philosophy of fish exploitation in Indonesia’s ZEE was to fulfill people needs on food, especially fish resources. It is one of natural sources in Indonesia marine territory. Therefore, the jurisdiction needed to be well protected, preserved, and managed. In terms of making Indonesia become the world’s maritime axis, the fishery resources should be well and sustainably exploited for the sake of as much as people welfare and prosperity.</p>

Numerical Model of Fish Exploitation – structure and application

Fisheries simulation models are tools used for forecasting the effects of exploitation and determining the directions of managing fisheries resources. The Numerical Model of Fish Exploitation (NMFE) and its capabilities were tested on a population of common bream, Abramis brama (L.) in a dam reservoir that is exploited by commercial and recreational fisheries. Based on the designated population parameters of N0, Fij, Mi, and ei and the size and structure of the common bream population in the reservoir, the model was used to examine hypothetical simulation variants of changes in fishing intensity E1 with nets and rods, changes in fishing intensity based on actual fishing effort with nets, changes in natural mortality, changes in the size of fish caught, and the impact of this on the size of the resources. Initial catches with nets and rods were calculated. Increasing fishing effort did not translate proportionally to increased catches, and the function was curvilinear. The results of simulations that reduced the intensity of fishing with nets and decreased catch sizes concurred with data from actual catches. Simulations of changes in natural mortality had various effects on the size of catches. Reducing parameter M did not impact the level of catches, while increasing parameter M reduced the size of catches significantly.