Application of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) as a Healing Aid after Extraction of Incisors in the Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis syndrome

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) is a stress-free, relatively safe method supporting the treatment of many different diseases. Although it is widely used in human medicine (including dentistry), in veterinary medicine, especially in the treatment of horses, there are not many scientifically described and documented cases of its use. Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis syndrome is a disease that affects older horses and significantly reduces their quality of life. The only effective treatment for this condition is extraction of the incisors. The described case compares the recovery process of the alveolar area after extraction of incisors during the course of EOTRH syndrome without and with the use of a chamber, in horses with the same clinical picture of the disease, of the same age, and living in the same conditions. According to the authors’ knowledge, the presented case describes the use of a chamber in equine dentistry for the first time.

Analysis and Assessment of Pulp Vitality of 102 Intrinsically Stained Teeth in Dogs

Our prospective study analyzed clinical, radiographic, and histological characteristics of 102 intrinsically stained teeth. Sixty-nine dogs ranging from one to fifteen years of age were included in this study. Little more than half of the intrinsically stained teeth had no evidence of coronal injury (53.9%, 55/102). We found that most intrinsically stained teeth were histologically nonvital (87.6%, 85/97) and approximately 2/3 of these (57.7%, 56/97) had no histological endodontic or periodontal inflammation at the time of evaluation. Radiographic evidence of endodontic disease was present in 57% (58/102) of the intrinsically stained teeth. Radiographic evidence of periodontal disease was present in 48% (49/102) of intrinsically stained teeth and 28% (29/102) had radiographic evidence of tooth resorption. 18.6% (19/102) of intrinsically stained teeth were radiographically normal. Evidence of pulp necrosis was common in these intrinsically stained teeth, while only occasional teeth (12.4%, 12/97) had histologically confirmed pulpitis. All teeth with radiographic evidence of periapical lucency had pulp necrosis. Based on our histological findings, the majority of intrinsically stained teeth 87.6% are truly nonvital.

Multivariate Versus Univariate Spectrum Analysis of Dentine Sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) for Root Resorption Prediction: A Clinical Trial

Background: A force applied during orthodontic treatment induces inflammation to root area and lead to root resorption known as Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption (OIIRR). Dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is one of the most abundant non-collagenous protein in dentine that was released into gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during OIIRR. The aim of this research is to compare DSPP detection using the univariate and multivariate analysis in predicting classification level of root resorption. Methods: The subjects for this study consisted of 30 patients in 3 group classified as normal, mild and severe groups of OIIRR. The GCF samples were taken from upper permanent central incisors in the normal and mild group while the upper primary second molars in the severe group. The DSPP qualitative detection limit was determined by analyzing the whole absorption spectrum utilizing multivariate analysis embedded with different preprocessing method. The multivariate analysis represents the multi-wavelength spectrum while univariate analyzes the absorption of a single wavelength. Results: The results showed that the multivariate analysis technique using Partial Least Square-Discriminate Analysis (PLS-DA) with the preprocess method has successfully improved in classification prediction for the normal and mild group at 0.88 percent accuracy. The multivariate using PLS-DA algorithm with Mean Center preprocess method was able to predict normal and mild tooth resorption classes better than the univariate analysis. The classification parameters have improved in term of the specificity, precision and accuracy. Conclusion: Therefore, the multivariate analysis helps to predict an early detection of tooth resorption complimenting the sensitivity of the univariate analysis.

Protocols for radiological diagnosis of various clinical forms of pathological tooth resorption using cone-beam computed tomography

Resorption of hard tissues in a permanent tooth is manifested by the loss of cement or dentin of the tooth. At the initial stages of development, the disease is asymptomatic, which significantly complicates early diagnosis and reduces the likelihood of a successful outcome of treatment. The pathogenesis of the disease has been studied, while the main etiological factor is not known. The researchers point only to the main factors predisposing to the development of tooth resorption. The prevalence of this condition continues to be studied using the new capabilities of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), which allows for the earliest and most reliable diagnosis. The three-dimensional X-ray image of the tooth structures makes it more possible to visualize dentin defects at all root levels, and when they are localized on different surfaces. It is this aspect in the diagnosis of pathological tooth resorption that is crucial, since it determines the treatment tactics in general, and the creation of access in conservative surgical treatment. This method of radiation diagnostics has become the standard for examining a dental patient in the clinics of the Department of Dentistry of the MED Clinic System. The algorithm of reading and interpreting the data of computer tomograms, developed in SPBINST, is also used. Examination of dental patients involves the use of CBCT for the preparation of a comprehensive treatment plan, during all types of endodontic treatment, and for monitoring during follow-up in dynamics.

Mediators involved in tooth resorption following delayed replantation: an experimental study

Inflammatory and replacement tooth resorption are common outcomes following tooth replantation, biological mediators involved in these processes are widely unknown. The aim study was to investigate molecules involved in tooth resorption following permanent tooth avulsion and delayed replantation. Dog premolars were extracted and kept dry for 20, 60 and 90 minutes (n= 30). The teeth were replanted, splinted. After 120 days, the animals were euthanized and tissues were removed for histological processing. Slides were stained for microscopic analysis, submitted to tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) histoenzymology and immunostained for RANK, RANKL, OPG, alkaline phosphatase and periostin. Data obtained were submitted to statistical analysis using the chi-square, Fisher and one-way ANOVA tests (alpha= 0.05). In inflammatory resorption areas, TRAP + and RANK + osteoclasts surrounding the replanted teeth were identified, regardless of the extra-alveolar time. RANKL synthesis in this region was higher in longer extra-alveolar times and was more intense after keeping the tooth dry for 90 minutes compared to other periods. In the replacement reabsorption area, there was lower synthesis of periostin and higher alkaline phosphatase production. Inflammatory resorption was characterized by osteoclast recruitment and RANKL synthesis and replacement resorption was characterized by inhibition of periostin and alkaline phosphatase syntheses.

Impactação dentária de caninos permanentes - consequências e relação com ortopedia funcional dos maxilares

Clinical experience and knowledge of normal growth and development of children, as well as radiographic studies of the dental eruption evolution, are important to supervise the maxillary permanent canine eruption. Clinical observations of signs and symptons such as digital palpation of the permanent canine bulges above the primary canine apex, on children of about nine years old, is a very important step for the diagnosis of ectopic eruption. Dentist may find more help with the early diagnosis, to avoid complications that are not so frequent to happen, but are still a burden such as traction and adjacent root tooth resorption.

Blood Parameters and Feline Tooth Resorption: A Retrospective Case Control Study from a Spanish University Hospital

Tooth resorption (TR; progressive destruction of hard dental tissues) varies in prevalence according to population, age, and country (29–66.1%). Our objective was twofold: describing the TR clinical presentation in Northeastern Spain, and studying 34 blood parameters to ascertain potential systemic effects associated with TR. Cases (29; presented from September 2018 to May 2019) and controls (58) were considered. Non-parametric tests were carried out to compare cases and controls for each blood parameter; those showing significant differences were chosen for multiple regression analysis (binomial logistic and hierarchical multiple regressions). In case TR was detected in 130/870 teeth (14.9%), TR stage and type were correlated (p < 0.001). Increasing CREA values (p = 0.034) and decreasing BUN/CREA and ALB/GLOB values were associated with TR presence (p = 0.029 and p = 0.03, respectively). Increasing GLOB was associated with increasing severity of TR (p < 0.01). Type 1 TR (highly related to inflammation and periodontal disease PD) was the most frequently observed type; the association of TR and inflammation biomarkers (ALB/GLOB, GLOB) are explained by this fact. The concomitant presence of PD and TR in old cats would cause TR association with kidney damage biomarkers (CREA, BUN/CREA). When affected by TR, special care in these aspects must be provided to cats.

Development of an oral swab based microbiome test for the detection of feline dental disease

Variations in the microbial composition of the mouth (the oral microbiome) have known associations with dental and systemic disease. While this is relatively well understood in humans, research on this topic in companion animals, and in cats in particular, has been limited. In this study, we used oral microbiome data obtained from shotgun metagenomic sequencing of 38,000 cats (data gathered through a direct-to-consumer cat DNA testing platform) to reveal the staggering diversity of the feline oral microbiome, identifying 8,344 microbial species across the entire cohort. We used a subset of these data points (6,110 cats) to develop a feline dental health test able to assess whether a cat is at risk of having periodontal disease, tooth resorption and halitosis based on their oral microbiome. After filtering out classified microbial reads with low abundance, we were able to detect, on average, 606 microbes per oral microbiome sample, identifying not just bacteria, but also viruses, fungi, archaea and protozoa. Due to the shortage of available published research on the microbial signature of tooth resorption and halitosis in cats, we used our periodontal disease feline cohort (n=570) to validate our approach. We observed microbial compositional abundance trends consistent with previously reported findings from feline, canine and human studies on periodontal disease. We used compositional abundance-based statistical methods relying on pairwise log-ratio (PLR) transformation to identify microbes significantly correlated with each of the three dental conditions of interest. We identified a set of 27 microbes that are predictive for all three dental conditions, as well as microbes specifically predictive of periodontal disease, tooth resorption or halitosis. We used the compositional abundance profiles of predictive microbes to develop a risk score based model assessing the probability that a cat is suffering from each of the three dental conditions. The model had highest sensitivity for halitosis (72%) and highest specificity for tooth resorption (78%). Lastly, we observed relatively consistent dental disease risk profiles when we compared data from sample collection methods targeting the whole mouth versus those targeting the gum line specifically. In contrast, samples collected in triplicates from the same cats using a sampling method targeting the whole mouth showed more variation in the generated risk profiles. This was likely due to a failure to consistently collect sufficient sample material from areas of the mouth where microbes relevant to dental pathology would be found in highest amounts (i.e., the gum line). For this reason, we have modified the instructions of the test to emphasize the importance of targeting the gum line during sample collection. Regular at home or in clinic screening with the feline dental health test described in this study has the potential to facilitate early detection and prevention of dental disease.

Increased Presence of Complement Factors and Mast Cells in Alveolar Bone and Tooth Resorption

Periodontitis is the inflammatory destruction of the tooth-surrounding and -supporting tissue, resulting at worst in tooth loss. Another locally aggressive disease of the oral cavity is tooth resorption (TR). This is associated with the destruction of the dental mineralized tissue. However, the underlying pathomechanisms remain unknown. The complement system, as well as mast cells (MCs), are known to be involved in osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. The complement factors C3 and C5 were previously identified as key players in periodontal disease. Therefore, we hypothesize that complement factors and MCs might play a role in alveolar bone and tooth resorption. To investigate this, we used the cat as a model because of the naturally occurring high prevalence of both these disorders in this species. Teeth, gingiva samples and serum were collected from domestic cats, which had an appointment for dental treatment under anesthesia, as well as from healthy cats. Histological analyses, immunohistochemical staining and the CH-50 and AH-50 assays revealed increased numbers of osteoclasts and MCs, as well as complement activity in cats with TR. Calcifications score in the gingiva was highest in animals that suffer from TR. This indicates that MCs and the complement system are involved in the destruction of the mineralized tissue in this condition.