scholarly journals An Analysis of Joči’s Debated Paternity and His Role in the Altan Uruġ Royal Lineage of Činggis Khan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 684-714
Author(s):  
Оtkirbay Agatay ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
Secret History

Research objectives: This article discusses Joči’s military-political role and status in the Mongol Empire (Yeke Mongol Ulus), beginning in the early thirteenth century and within the intra-dynastic relations of Činggis Khan’s chief sons. In particular, the article seeks to answer questions about Joči’s birth. Discrepancies between the Secret History of the Mongols and other written sources cast doubt on whether Joči was even a legitimate son of Činggis Khan, let alone his eldest one. In addition, this article includes an analysis of Joči’s place within the family and the traditional legal system of the medieval Mongols based on the principles of majorat succession outlined in the Mongol Empire. It establishes evidence of his legitimacy within the Činggisid dynasty’s imperial lineage (altan uruġ) – a point of view supported by his military-political career, his pivotal role in the western campaigns, his leadership at the siege of Khwārazm, and the process of division of the ulus of Činggis Khan. Research materials: This article makes use of Russian, English, and Turkic (Kazakh, Tatar, etc.) translations of key primary sources including the Secret History of the Mongols and works of authors from the thirteenth to seventeenth centuries, including Al-Nasawī, Shіhāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn ’Aṭā-Malik Juvāynī, Minhāj al-Dīn Jūzjānī, Zhao Hong, Peng Daya, John of Plano Carpini, William of Rubruck, Jamāl al-Qarshī, Rashīd al-Dīn, Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, Uluġbeg, Ötämiš Hājī, Lubsan Danzan, Abu’l-Ghāzī, and Saγang Sečen. New secondary works regarding Joči published by modern Kazakh, Russian, Tatar, American, French, Chinese, Korean and other scholars were also consulted. Results and novelty of the research: Taking into consideration certain economic and legal traits of the medieval Mongols, their traditional practices, military-political events, and longterm developments in the Mongol Empire’s history, descriptions of Joči being no more than a “Merkit bastard” are clearly not consistent. The persisting claims can be traced to doubts about Joči’s birth included in the Secret History of the Mongols, the first extensive written record of the medieval Mongols which had a great impact on the work of later historians, including modern scholars. Some researchers suspect this allegation may have been an indirect result of Möngke Khan inserting it into the Secret History. This article argues that the main motivation was Batu’s high military-political position and prestige in the Yeke Mongol Ulus. After Ögödei Khan’s death, sons and grandsons of Ögödei and Ča’adai made various attempts to erode Batu’s significant position in the altan uruġ by raising questions regarding his genealogical origin. This explains why doubts about Joči’s status in the imperial lineage appeared so widely following his death in an intra-dynastic propaganda struggle waged between the houses of Joči and Тolui and the opposing houses of Ča’adai and Ögödei’s sons. This conflict over the narrative was engendered by the struggle for supreme power in the Mongol Empire and the distribution of conquered lands and property.

scholarly journals Book Review: Zlygostev V.A. Geroi “Sokrovennogo skazaniya” [Heroes of the “Secret History”]

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 438-450
Author(s):  
Igor V. Antonov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dark Period ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
Secret History

Research objectives: This article analyzes a new book by independent historian, Valery Zlygostev, written in the historical, biographical genre. The book is dedicated to outstanding figures in the medieval history of the Mongols, their allies, and opponents, as have been preserved in written sources. It discusses the territories eventually covered by the Mongol Empire, stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Pacific Ocean, during the period from the eighth to thirteenth century. Zlygostev traced the process of the establishment of Mongolian statehood, the formation of the Mongol Empire, and the expansion of its borders until the end of the era of conquests in the 1270s. The author reconstructs the biographies of all the characters of this period on the basis of the Mongol chronicle of c. 1240, traditionally called the “Secret History,” alongside other sources. The scholarly novelty of the research lies in the presentation of the secondary and tertiary heroes of Mongolian history and their role in various military and political events that culminated in the creation of the greatest world empire in history. Particular attention is paid to the so-called “dark” period in the history of the Mongols stretching until the middle of the twelfth century, that is, the period of Chinggis Khan’s birth. This period is still insufficiently analyzed in historiography and yet is very important for clarifying the prerequisite conditions which brought about the subsequent unification of Mongolia and the conquests of Chinggis Khan and his successors in Asia and Europe. The author has done a tremendous job of analyzing all available sources and identi­fying all possible details of the biography of certain heroes. The book is recommended for everyone interested in the medieval history of Eurasia.

THE FAMILY HISTORY OF SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-595
Author(s):  
John Lorber
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spina Bifida Cystica

1. The family histories of 722 infants who were born with spina bifida cystica were studied. 2. The index cases were referred for surgical treatment and were not selected in any way from the genetic point of view. 3. Intensive inquiries were made to obtain a complete family pedigree, including a prospective follow-up of siblings born after the index case. 4. Of 1,256 siblings 85 or 6.8% had gross malformation of the central nervous system: spina bifida cystica in 54, anencephaly in 22, and uncomplicated hydrocephalus in 9. 5. Of 306 children born after the index case 25 (8%) or 1 in 12 were affected. 6. There was a progressive increase in multiple cases in the family with increasing family size. In sibships of five or more, multiple cases occurred in 24.1%. 7. In 118 families cases of gross malformation of the central nervous system were known to have occurred among members of the family other than siblings. Cases occurred in three generations. 8. It is possible that spina bifida cystica might be a recessively inherited condition.

Tradition, Innovations and Historical Events in the Early 20th Century Chinese Calendars from the Russian Collections

2021 ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Zavidovskaya
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Academic Library ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
The State ◽  
State University ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Family ◽  
State Museum ◽  
History Of ◽  
Technology Of Production

The paper discusses two types of Chinese calendars – a traditional agricultural calendar “nongli” which existed in China since the 9th century and a Westernized “yuefenpai” calendar that emerged in Shanghai in the late 19th century and flourished until the 30-40s of the 20th century. Apart from the lunar and solar calendars and a table of 24 seasons woodblock “nongli” calendar featured a Stove God Zao-wang alone or with a spouse surrounded by a suite, fortune bringing deities and auspicious symbols, Stove God was believed to ascend to heaven and report good and bad deeds of the family members to the Jade Emperor. New standards of “peoples`” art in PRC borrowed the aesthetics of the traditional woodblock popular prints by proclaiming “new nianhua” as a new tool of propaganda and criticizing “yuefenpai”.“Yuefenpai” differed from “nongli” by modern technology of production and acting as an advertisement, yet early pieces of Shanghai calendars either feature auspicious characters and motifs or introduce current political events, such as accession of the Pu Yi emperor on the throne in 1908 (reigned in 1908–1912). These calendars were seen to be a cheap and easily available media suitable for informing population about news and innovations. The paper attempts to revisit previously established interpretations of some “yuefenpai” calendars. The research is based unpublished pieces from the collections of the State Hermitage, the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, academic library of the St.-Petersburg State University, the State Museum of the History of Religion mostly acquired by V.M. Alekseev (1881–1951) during his stays to China.

Moğol İmparatorluk Mirasının Önemli Bir Unsuru Olarak Alangoa Kültü

2021 ◽  
pp. 276-294
Author(s):  
Nilgün Dalkesen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Female Line ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
Female Values ◽  
Traditional Understanding ◽  
Secret History

State formations have generally transformed societies into more hierarchical structures, caused differentiation in gender roles and formed more powerful patriarchal social structures. However, the traditional understanding of the Mongol society, which gives importance to the female line and female values, was institutionalized and preserved through centuries in the Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan. The fact that Chinggis Khan’s divine lineage was based on a woman named Alangoa, who got pregnant from divine light, has been very influential. In the Secret History, the ideal female model through the Alangoa cult was shaped by the mother of Chinggis Khan, Mother Höe’lün and his wife Börte and institutionalized in the Mongolian official state ideology. This article will examine how the traditional gender roles were institutionalized around the Alangoa cult in the light of the Secret History of the Mongols. In addition, the questions of why and how this understanding continued among Turco-Mongolian states and empires that were not descendants from Chinggis Khan’s lineage after the Mongol Empire will also be addressed.

scholarly journals Beyond quarantine: a history of leprosy in Puerto Rico, 1898-1930s

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 225-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie H. Levison
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Social History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

From biblical times to the modern period, leprosy has been a disease associated with stigma. This mark of disgrace, physically present in the sufferers' sores and disfigured limbs, and embodied in the identity of a 'leper', has cast leprosy into the shadows of society. This paper draws on primary sources, written in Spanish, to reconstruct the social history of leprosy in Puerto Rico when the United States annexed this island in 1898. The public health policies that developed over the period of 1898 to the 1930s were unique to Puerto Rico because of the interplay between political events, scientific developments and popular concerns. Puerto Rico was influenced by the United States' priorities for public health, and the leprosy control policies that developed were superimposed on vestiges of the colonial Spanish public health system. During the United States' initial occupation, extreme segregation sacrificed the individual rights and liberties of these patients for the benefit of society. The lives of these leprosy sufferers were irrevocably changed as a result.

scholarly journals Introduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1051-1057
Author(s):  
Michal Biran
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scientific Exchange ◽  
Hebrew University ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
High Level

Abstract The Mongol empire (1206–1368) caused massive transformations in the composition and functioning of elites across Eurasia. While the Mongols themselves obviously became the new Eurasian elite, their small number as compared to the huge territory over which they ruled and their initial inexperience in administrating sedentary realms meant that many of their subjects also became part of the new multi-ethnic imperial elite. Mongol preferences, and the high level of mobility—both spatial and social—that accompanied Mongol conquests and rule, dramatically changed the characteristics of elites in both China and the Muslim world: While noble birth could be instrumental in improving one’s status, early surrender to Chinggis Khan; membership in the Mongol imperial guards (keshig); and especially, qualifications—such as excellence in warfare, administration, writing in Mongolian script or astronomy to name but a few—became the main ways to enter elite circles. The present volume translates and analyzes biographies of ten members of this new elite—from princes through generals, administrators, and vassal kings, to scientists and artists; including Mongols, Koreans, Chinese and Muslims—studied by researchers working at the project “Mobility, Empire and Cross Cultural Contacts in Mongol Eurasia” at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The annotated biographies assembled here not only add new primary sources—translated from Chinese, Persian and Arabic—to the study of the Mongol Empire. They also provide important insights into the social history of the period, illuminating issues such as acculturation (of both the Mongols and their subjects), Islamization, family relations, ethnicity, imperial administration, and scientific exchange.

scholarly journals Metaphorical Perception of Kazan Through the Prism of the Tatar Gastronomic Culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-297
Author(s):  
Elena L. Iakovleva
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Careful Handling ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stable Association ◽  
National Cuisine ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Levels

The relevance of the research topic is due to the interest in urban space and its cultural and symbolic meaning. The city, perceived as a text, helps in interpreting to understand its specifics and represent it at different levels, which increases, among other things, its tourist attractiveness. The purpose of the study is to analyze the metaphor of Kazan-a woman through the prism of the gastronomic culture of the Tatars. Materials and Methods of Research. The methodological basis of the research consists of the cosmosophical ideas of G. D. Gachev, as well as the books of K. F. Fuchs, K. Nasyri, F. Ibragimova, S. Lutfullina, in which there are characteristics of the gastronomic culture of the Tatars. In the original metaphor, analyzed from the point of view of G. D. Gachev’s cosmosophy, where Kazan represents the Cosmos, and a woman represents Psyche, a missing link is found – the Logos. It is this link that, while remaining an open structure, accommodates various spheres of manifestation of the national mind in the field of culture and art, which helps to identify the feminine qualities of the city when interpreting the metaphor. Results. A stable association associated with Kazan is its Tatar national cuisine. This is no coincidence. The very history of the city according to some extant legends and legends is associated with the cauldron, which is a mandatory attribute of the cuisine. Despite the primacy of the man in the family, the mistress of the kitchen is a woman. It is on her that a huge number of duties are assigned to prepare food and create a spiritual atmosphere during the meal. Gastronomic culture, acting as a Logo, allows us to identify such qualities of Kazan, interpreted as an image of a woman-hostess, as hospitality, cordiality, respect, sensitivity, creativity, rationalism, skillful and careful handling of products. Discussion and conclusion. Clarification of the meaning of the Kazan-woman metaphor requires further study. At the same time, other spheres of culture and various texts of art can act as Logos.

scholarly journals Quarrel of Mongolian Princes and Dating of the Mongols Campaign to South-Western Rus

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
V.A. Chichinov
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
The South ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
Secret History

The purpose of this article is to research the information by historical sources related with the Mongolian invasion to the South-Western Rus, determination exact dates of the conquest of Russian southern cities and consideration the quarrel of the Mongol princes, as a turning point in the history of the Mongol invasion and the Mongol empire. The author has some several conclusions. Firstly, the Russian chronicles, the chronicle of Rashid al-Din, and the “Secret History of the Mongols” contain the information, by which we can reconstructing the chronology of events past. Secondly, to determination an accurate chronology of the events of the Mongol invasion of South-Western Russia, it is important to use a source such as “The Secret History of the Mongols”, which was written by an eyewitness to the events that unfolded in the residence of the Mongolian emperor. Thirdly, the author was able to date the events associated with the capture of some southern Rus cities by the Mongols. The research has provided information that reveals the specifics of the Mongol conquest of Kiev, namely, the date of the event was clarified, and also identified the commanders who did not participate in this campaign and were mistakenly counted among the conquerors of Kiev, the “mother of Russian cities”.

Thetammaand the dual-administrative structure of the Mongol empire

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Ostrowski
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
Secret History

TheSecret History of the Mongols (Yuanchao bishi)tells us that, after the invasion and conquest of Qipchaq and Rus'lands in 1237–40, Qagan Ögödei placed ‘daruγačinandtammačin’ over peoples whose main cities were Ornas, Saḳsīn, Bulgar and Kiev.

The Baptism of Relics of Oleg and Yaropolk: Ethical, Theological and Political Aspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-286
Author(s):  
Roman Dodonov ◽  
◽  
Vira Dodonova ◽  
Oleksandr Konotopenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Ethical Point ◽  
Stereoscopic View ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

A stereoscopic view on a particular historical event, in which contemporary assessments are combined with mental stereotypes of a medieval man, allows a slightly different assessment of the chronicle plot about the posthumous “baptism of bones” of Oleg and Yaropolk, Princes of Kyivan Rus, in 1044. While from theological positions it is perceived as an absurdity and a direct violation of the rules of the church, in the Middle Ages this act did not contradict the mass religious beliefs. From an ethical point of view, the action of Yaroslav the Wise was regarded as concern for the souls of the ancestors who died pagans and therefore did not claim for the salvation. The soteriological optimism that prevailed in the eleventh century in countries of the late Christianization, including Kyivan Rus, gave hope that living people were able to influence the fate of the souls of the dead. From a political point of view, the baptism of the ashes of the ancestors and their reburial in the family tomb of the Princes of Kyiv in the Church of the Tithes was aimed at expanding the circle of heavenly patrons and protectors of the princely dynasty, expanding the period of the Christian history of Kyivan Rus, and, as a result, legitimizing the power of Yaroslav the Wise.

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