Compensation for Delays and Losses of Packages in Dynamic Online Games

A couple of decades ago, data rates on the network were measured in kilobytes per second, and even then, online game developers had some problems with the packet loss and transmission delays. Now the transfer rate is hundreds of times higher, and the problem of delay compensation is even more relevant.For many dynamic online games, a transmission delay of as little as 20 ms can be quite noticeable, negatively affecting the gameplay and emotions of the game, which can repel players.The problem is exacerbated by the fact that along with the need to compensate for the time of delivery of packets, on the client side there are other non-network factors that are beyond the control of developers, which make the total delay 5-10 ms longer. Because of this, the desire to get rid of network delays as much and as well as possible becomes a necessity, and developers are forced to look for optimal ways to solve this problem.The problem statement is as follows: to review the causes of delays in online games and possible solu- tions, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of certain approaches. The problem is considered at the 4 levels of the TCP / IP network model, as well as at the application level. The approaches are given for the most commonly used protocols for each layer, but basic ideas can be easily transferred to other implementations.The main causes of delays under consideration: propagation delay, router queue delay, transmission delay, and processing delays.This article shows the impact of network delays on the online games and the ways to compensate for them, along with the theory of data transmission protocols in the network and the ways to solve the problems that arise in the development of algorithms.Recommendations for solving the compensation problem can be taken into account when designing and launching online shooters, strategies, etc. Thanks to the given receptions it is possible to minimize the general delay on the transfer of packets in a network, thanks to which the game on the client looks as if the player plays in the Single Player mode.

An Adaptive Replica Configuration Mechanism Based on Predictive File Popularity and Queue Balance in Mobile Edge Computing Environment

In the current era of the Internet of Things (IoT), various devices can provide more services by connecting to the Internet. However, the explosive growth of connected devices will cause the cloud core overload and significant network delays. To overcome these problems, the Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) network is proposed to provide most of the computing and storage near the radio access network to reduce the traffic of the core cloud network and provide lower latency for the terminal.Mobile edge computing can work with third parties to develop multiple services, such as mobile big data analysis and context-aware services. However, when there is a large amount of popular data accessed in a short period, the system must generate many replicas, which will not only reduce access efficiency but also cause additional traffic overhead. To improve the above problems, an Adaptive Replica Configuration Mechanism (ARCM) is proposed in this paper to predict the popularity of the file and make a replica to the low-blocking node. This method spreads the subsequent access workload by copying the popular file in advance to improve the overall performance of the system.

A Survey on the Application of WirelessHART for Industrial Process Monitoring and Control

Industrialization has led to a huge demand for a network control system to monitor and control multi-loop processes with high effectiveness. Due to these advancements, new industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) standards such as ZigBee, WirelessHART, ISA 100.11a wireless, and Wireless network for Industrial Automation-Process Automation (WIA-PA) have begun to emerge based on their wired conventional structure with additional developments. This advancement improved flexibility, scalability, needed fewer cables, reduced the network installation and commissioning time, increased productivity, and reduced maintenance costs compared to wired networks. On the other hand, using IWSNs for process control comes with the critical challenge of handling stochastic network delays, packet drop, and external noises which are capable of degrading the controller performance. Thus, this paper presents a detailed study focusing only on the adoption of WirelessHART in simulations and real-time applications for industrial process monitoring and control with its crucial challenges and design requirements.

Hybrid SynchAADL: Modeling and Formal Analysis of Virtually Synchronous CPSs in AADL

We present the $$\textsc {Hybrid}\textsc {Synch}\textsc {AADL}$$ H Y B R I D S Y N C H AADL modeling language and formal analysis tool for virtually synchronous cyber-physical systems with complex control programs, continuous behaviors, bounded clock skews, network delays, and execution times. We leverage the Hybrid PALS equivalence, so that it is sufficient to model and verify the simpler underlying synchronous designs. We define the $$\textsc {Hybrid}\textsc {Synch}\textsc {AADL}$$ H Y B R I D S Y N C H AADL language as a sublanguage of the avionics modeling standard AADL for modeling such designs in AADL, and demonstrate the effectiveness of $$\textsc {Hybrid}\textsc {Synch}\textsc {AADL}$$ H Y B R I D S Y N C H AADL on a number of applications.

Strategy for Reducing Delays and Energy Consumption in Cloudlet-Based Mobile Cloud Computing

In the paper, the problem of using cloudlet-based mobile cloud computing to solve the issues (resource deficiency and limited energy) that require large computing and memory resources on mobile devices has been studied. Energy-saving of mobile devices, resource limitations in mobile devices, and elimination of network delays are analyzed. It is shown that the solution of mobile users' tasks in the cloud leads to the increased battery life of mobile devices and reduces network delays, which is shown by mathematical calculations. The article considers the balanced distribution of the tasks in the cloudlet network. The paper also deals with the selection of cloudlets according to user requirements. The cases for which a cloud application can be loaded by the user were evaluated and a model was proposed using the possible values that determine the importance of cloudlets (user proximity, high reliability, etc.).

Implementing and Evaluating Health as a Service in Fog and Cloud Computing using Raspberry Pi

Internet of Things (IoT) generates a myriad amount of data, which is sent over the Cloud computing infrastructure for analytics and Business Intelligence. This application scenario suffers network delays, transmission delays and delays in decision making. Due to these drawbacks, the Cloud-based IoT infrastructure is not suitable for time-critical health care applications. To overcome this problem, a smart way is introduced called “Fog Computing” - a LAN based processing approach which has multiple advantages. When IoT, Fog and Cloud Computing are combined, the resultant system’s performance is far better. Hence, the combination results in a very efficient Health Care system. Fog and Cloud Computing have their dimensions that not only support each other but also explore many new application domains. In this paper, the real-time ElectroCardioGram (ECG) based Health Care system is implemented in Cloud and Fog Computing. Different Quality of Service (QoS) parameters like memory consumption, transmission delays, computation delays, network delays, Carbon dioxide emission, data transferred and response time are measured, analyzed and improved to make the system more efficient. Based on the Fog computing characteristics and capabilities, the Raspberry Pi 3 B+ model is configured as a Health Care serving gateway by using different installation and configuration steps. Initially, the proposed system is tested for one patients ECG data analysis over cloud and Fog. In every set up all QoS parameters are measured and later the system is subjected to multiple ECG streams for varying numbers of patients to find the limitations of the Raspberry Pi node as a Fog Computing node. The obtained results show that for more number of ECG streams the Fog node is not able maintain QoS in decision making time. Every QoS parameter is explored in detail for decision-making time. In the end, the Fog computing based proposed system is concluded for its pros and cons and future aspects of the Fog node are discussed to make better systems.

Fossel: Efficient Latency Reduction in Approximating Streaming Sensor Data

The volume of streaming sensor data from various environmental sensors continues to increase rapidly due to wider deployments of IoT devices at much greater scales than ever before. This, in turn, causes massive increase in the fog, cloud network traffic which leads to heavily delayed network operations. In streaming data analytics, the ability to obtain real time data insight is crucial for computational sustainability for many IoT enabled applications such as environmental monitors, pollution and climate surveillance, traffic control or even E-commerce applications. However, such network delays prevent us from achieving high quality real-time data analytics of environmental information. In order to address this challenge, we propose the Fog Sampling Node Selector (Fossel) technique that can significantly reduce the IoT network and processing delays by algorithmically selecting an optimal subset of fog nodes to perform the sensor data sampling. In addition, our technique performs a simple type of query executions within the fog nodes in order to further reduce the network delays by processing the data near the data producing devices. Our extensive evaluations show that Fossel technique outperforms the state-of-the-art in terms of latency reduction as well as in bandwidth consumption, network usage and energy consumption.

A Practical Approach to Monitor Capacity under the CDM Approach

The operations of take-off and landing at hub airports are often subject to a wide variety of delays; the effects of these delays impact not only the related stakeholders, such as aircraft operators, air-traffic control unity and ground handlers but as part of the European network, delays are propagated through the network. As a result, Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) is being employed as a methodology for increasing the efficiency of Air Traffic Management (ATM), through the involvement of partners within the airports. Under CDM, there are some strategic common objectives regardless the airport or the partner specific interest to improve operational efficiency, predictability and punctuality to the ATM network and airport stakeholders. Monitoring and controlling some strategic areas such as, Efficiency, Capacity, Safety and Environment is needed to achieve the benefits. Therefore, the present work aims to provide a framework to monitor the accuracy of capacity in the three main flight phases. It aims to provide a comprehensible and practical approach to monitoring capacity by identifying and proposing Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) based on the A-CDM Milestone Approach to optimise the use of available capacity. To illustrate our approach, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is used as case study as a full A-CDM airport.