Knowledge and attitudes towards emergency contraception among adolescents

Introduction. Emergency or postcoital contraception is a method of contraception that is used within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse. It is very important that adolescents consider emergency contraception with awareness. It is not a regular method of contraception. The aim of this study was to examine the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents towards the use of emergency contraception. Material and Methods. The research was a cross-sectional study that used a specially designed questionnaire for adolescents intended to assess their knowledge about emergency contraception methods. The study included an intentional sample of 108 students attending the Medical High School ?Dr. Misa Pantic? in Valjevo. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. Results. The largest number of students was informed about the indications for emergency contraception (80%, c2 = 0.004); the respondents agreed that emergency contraception is not a regular method of contraception and should be used in cases of sexual abuse (c2 = 0.019). Most of the respondents believe that they need additional education (N = 95, c2 = 0.032) regarding emergency contraception methods. Conclusion. The analysis of the results showed that the adolescents who participated in the study need additional education about the methods of emergency contraception. It is necessary to improve the strategies of health education of adolescents on this topic.

Common questions on emergency and postcoital contraception

There are a number of key questions that must be asked when considering the method of emergency or postcoital contraception to use. Alison J Vaughan examines these when choosing from the three treatments available in the UK Copper IUD (CU-IUD), Levonorgestrel (LNG-EC), Ulipristal Acetate Emergency Contraception (UPA-EC) are the three methods of emergency contraception (EC) available in the UK. CU-IUD is the most effective method and must be offered to all women requesting emergency contraception and that offer documented in the record. UPA is more effective than LNG but the efficacy of UPA can be affected by on-going contraception, so is not always the ideal method for all women (see Figure 1 ). A consultation for EC offers the opportunity to discuss on going contraception and sexual health. Comprehensive evidence-led guidance can be found in the EC clinical guideline, published by the Clinical Effectiveness Committee of Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH) in 2017.

Efecto anticonceptivo y postcoital del extracto etanólico de lashojas del Desmodium molliculum (HBK).DC “Manayupa” en ratas hembras Holtzmann

Efecto anticonceptivo y postcoital del extracto etanólico de lashojas del Desmodium molliculum (HBK).DC “Manayupa” en ratas hembras Holtzmann Postcoital contraceptive effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Desmodium molliculum (HBK).DC "Manayupa" in Holtzmann female rats Fidel Ernesto Acaro Chuquicaña Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2012.0018/ Resumen Nuestro objetivo fue determinar el efecto anticonceptivo y postcoital del extracto etanólico de las hojas de Desmodium molliculum (HBK).DC en ratas hembras adultas Holtzmann. Las hojas fueron recolectadas en el valle de Baños del Inca, departamento de Cajamarca, la cual es utilizada como diurética, depurativa de la sangre, antihemorrágica, antiinflamatoria de las vías urinarias, hígado y riñones. Se utilizaron 80 ratas hembras fueron seleccionadas aleatoriamente de acuerdo a los criterios de inclusión, y divididas en 2 grandes grupos, cada uno conformada por 5 subgrupos de 8 ratas hembras y ratas machos para el emparejamiento (1 macho: 2 hembras). Grupo 1: 40 ratas para la evaluación del efecto anticonceptivo del extracto de Desmodium molliculum a una solución 100mg/ml vía oral en dosis 200mg/kg, 600mg/kg y 1000mg/kg. Se utilizaron dos grupos como controles suero fisiológico y Medroxiprogesterona en dosis 15mg/kg; Grupo 2: 40 ratas para la evaluación del efecto postcoital del extracto Desmodium molliculum a una solución de 100mg/ml vía oral a dosis 200mg/kg, 600mg/kg y 1000mg/kg. Se utilizaron dos grupos control suero fisiológico y Levonorgestrel a dosis de 50ug/kg. El efecto anticonceptivo se evaluó mediante la cuantificación de los indicadores gravidez, número de implantaciones y número de fetos; el efecto post-coital se evaluó los indicadores gravidez, número de implantaciones, número de fetos vivos y número de fetos muertos. Del escreening fitoquímico se observa que las muestras en estudio, presentan una considerable cantidad de metabolitos secundarios, destacándose cantidades apreciables de flavonoides, compuestos fenólicos, esteroides, alcaloides y taninos estuvieron en mayor cantidad en el extracto etanólico. De las evaluaciones las ratas que recibieron la solución alcohólica a dosis de 200mg/kg.600mg/kg,1000mg/kg disminuyeron la gravidez, el número fetos e implantaciones en la actividad anticonceptiva y poscoital. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y pruebas estadísticas de significancia ANOVA y Tukey (p<0.05).Concluyendo que en condiciones experimentales los resultados encontrados demuestran que el extracto etanólico de Desmodium molliculum tiene efecto anticonceptivo y postcoital en ratas hembras Holtzmann. Descriptores: Anticonceptivo, Postcoital, Desmodium molliculum, Plantas Anticonceptiva. Abstract Our objective was to determine the effect of postcoital contraception and ethanol extract of the leaves of Desmodium molliculum (HBK). DC Holtzmann in adult female rats. The leaves were collected in the valley of Baños del Inca, Cajamarca department, which is used as a diuretic, purifying the blood, prevent bleeding, inflammatory urinary tract, liver and kidneys. We used 80 female rats were randomly selected according to the inclusion criteria, and divided into 2 groups, each consisting of 5 subgroups of 8 male rats and female rats for pairing (1 male: 2 females). Group 1: 40 rats to evaluate the contraceptive effect of the extract of Desmodium molliculum a 100mg/ml solution orally at 200mg/kg, 600mg/kg and 1000mg/kg. Two groups as saline controls and 15mg/kg dose medroxyprogesterone. Group 2: 40 rats to evaluate the effect of post-coital Desmodium molliculum extract a 100mg/ml solution orally at 200mg/kg dose, 600 mg / kg and 1000mg/kg. Two control groups were used and Levonorgestrel saline at doses of 50ug/kg. The contraceptive effect was assessed by quantifying indicators pregnancy, number of locations and number of fetuses; the effect was evaluated post-coital pregnancy indicators, number of implantations, number of live fetuses and dead fetuses number. Phytochemical screening shows that the samples under study show a considerable amount of secondary metabolites, highlighting significant amounts of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, alkaloids and tannins were in greater amounts in the ethanol extract. Evaluation of rats receiving a dose of alcoholic solution 200mg/kg.600mg/kg, 1000mg/kg decreased pregnancy, fetuses and the number deployments and postcoital contraceptive activity. Descriptive analyzes were performed and statistical tests of significance ANOVA and Tukey (p <0.05). Concluding that under experimental conditions the results show that the ethanol extract of Desmodium molliculum effect and postcoital contraception in female rats Holtzmann. Keywords: Anticonceptivo, Postcoital, Desmodium molliculum, Plantas Anticonceptiva.

Abortion, Sterilization, and Contraception

Some of the most consistently debated ethical issues in health care are the moral conflicts regarding abortion, sterilization, and contraception. This chapter asks readers to consider these topics. These areas raise the same general moral themes covered in the field of biomedical ethics but do so in a dramatic and emotionally charged setting. These issues of reproductive ethics also pose a different kind of question: To whom do the basic principles of biomedical ethics apply? Cases in this chapter address the difficult considerations raised in cases of abortion, postcoital contraception following sexual assault, sterilization of the economically deprived, and teaching about birth control.

Etyczne i prawne aspekty stosowania preparatu medycznego ellaOne czyli tzw. pigułki „pięć dni później”

The article focuses on ethical and legal aspects of the use of the postcoital contraception. In November 2014, The European Medicines Agency recommended a change in classification status from prescription to non-prescription for the emergency contraceptive ellaOne. This medicinal product has been authorized in the European Union since 2009. The European Medicines Agency found that ellaOne could be used safely and effectively without medical prescription, which means that this medicinal product could be obtained without a prescription in the EU. The decision opens up a new stage of public debate about the beginnings of human life and recognition of the human embryo as a human being from the very moment of conception.

Changing Trends in Emergency Contraception

Emergency contraception is defined as the use of drugs or devices to prevent pregnancy after unprotected coitus. It is sometimes referred to as ‘morning after’ or postcoital contraception. Global rates of unintended pregnancy are alarming and would suggest that knowledge of, and access to, emergency contraception is an area that needs to be developed1. Emergency contraception has been called the best-kept contraceptive secret. Emergency contraception provides a safe and effective means of postcoital contraception and has been estimated to prevent at least 75% of expected pregnancy resulting from unprotected intercourse. Previous research shows that several regimens of postcoital contraception offer safe and effective ways for women to avoid pregnancy. Yet the methods are often unavailable to women in developing countries. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 1 / Issue 13 / Jan- June, 2012 / 59-63 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i1.8840