A Universe Without Matter: The Processing of Information/Energy through Discontinuous Space Cells in Two Models; a Computer Simulation, or a Self-Replicating Substrate of Space Cells

Whether the universe is a computer simulation, or whether we wish to efficiently model our universe in a computer simulation, there would be benefits to modeling it in a fashion analogous to computer spreadsheet, each lattice cell can be conceived as containing all the mathematical formula necessary to continuously compute its state relative to changes in all its neighboring cells, and by progression, in relation to all the cells of entire space-time lattice. Alternatively, the “real” universe may itself be built on a space cell lattice, an irregular foam of space cells, in which each cell may be conceived as a multidimensional cell of distortable space, the shape of which fully describes (a) the four basic forces (gravity, electromagnetic, strong, weak) observed at that cell of space, and (b) the probability (or weight distribution) of any quantum states overlapping the cell and its neighbors. At an appropriate scale, it would appear that this conceptual model would resolve apparent conflicts between general relativity and quantum physics. It would also provide a new interpretation of Planck’s constant as description of the number of space cell events associated with any set of observable events. If formulae operating at a lattice cell level can be improve our ability to understand and model larger scale phenomena, this would be strong evidence in favor of the theory that mathematics is not just a human invention but rather an inherent feature of space-time itself.

Lightweight design and static analysis of lattice compressor impeller

Taking the compressor impeller as the research object and the lightweight design as the research goal, a lattice filled lattice cell suitable for the application of rotating periodic symmetric structure is designed. Its purpose is to make the rigidity and strength of impeller adjustable and reduce the mass of impeller on the premise of meeting the design requirements. The analysis and comparison of unfilled impeller, solid impeller and lattice filled impeller with different diameters were carried out under the limit condition of 80,000 r/min. The results showed that the average circumferential deformation of lattice impeller tip with beam diameter of 0.2 mm, 0.4 mm and 1 mm was 4.84%, 3.49% and 3.71% lower than that of solid impeller. For the impeller with a lattice beam diameter of 0.4 mm, its weight can be reduced by 22.68% compared with the solid impeller. The average circumferential deformation of the tip of the lattice impeller lies between the unfilled impeller and the solid impeller. The results show that the impeller with lattice filling hub can not only reduce the weight effectively, but also improve the efficiency of the compressor.

Computational and Experimental Studies of Cellular Samples Manufactured Using Additive Methods for Use in Advanced Lightweight Designs of Engine Parts

The use of cellular structures is one way to reduce the weight of engine parts. Cellular structures are used to provide rigidity and strength for parts subject to compression, bending, and shock loads. Failure of the individual elements of a lattice/cell structure does not result in the destruction of the entire part; this stands in contrast to the structure of a conventional homogeneous metal object, in which cracks will continue to increase with increasing load, causing the destruction of the entire part. Lattice/cell structures have relatively high characteristics of rigidity and strength, excellent thermal insulation properties, energy absorption characteristics, and high fatigue resistance. The use of this type of structure in engine part construction opens up new opportunities for advanced aviation applications. However, the deformation behavior of porous and metallic structures differs significantly from that of conventional homogeneous materials. Samples with cellular and porous structures are themselves designs. Therefore, procedures for strength testing and interpretation of experimental results for cellular and porous structures differ from those for samples derived from homogeneous materials. The criteria for determining the properties of cellular structures include density, stiffness, ability to accumulate energy, etc. These parameters depend on the configuration of the cells, the size of each cell, and the thickness of the connecting elements. Mechanical properties of cellular structures can be established experimentally and confirmed numerically. Special cellular specimens have been designed for uniaxial tensile, bending, compression, shear, and low-cycle fatigue testing. Several variants of cell structures with relative densities ranging from 13 to 45% were considered. Specifically, the present study examined the stress-strain states of cell structures from brands “CobaltChrome MP1” powder compositions obtained by laser synthesis on an industrial 3D printer Concept Laser M2 Cusing Single Laser 400W. Numerical simulations of the tests were carried out by the finite element method. Then, the most rational cellular structures in terms of mass and strength were established on the basis of both real and numerical experiments.

Lattice structure optimization and homogenization through finite element analyses

Lattice topology optimization can stimulate the design of new materials with spatially dependent properties with composite parts or three-dimensional printed components. The present work considers a mounting bracket for an industrial robotic arm as a case study, having as the main objective the increase of the fundamental frequency and secondly its mass reduction. Two design approaches were considered by using the ANSYS software: the first stage optimized the orthotropic lattice material by establishing an optimal variable cubic cell lattice density distribution in the geometric model; the second stage used a homogenized model based on the lattice optimization resulted from the previous stage and considered different volume fractions and variable density for four different types of cells. Homogenization increased the stiffness of the bracket by using the same cubic lattice cell and the fundamental frequency increased from 1227 Hz obtained with lattice optimization to 1366 Hz after homogenization. For the unoptimized bracket the fundamental frequency was only 839 Hz. The mass was reduced to more than half. The most effective proved to be the midpoint lattice cell as by homogenization the mass was reduced from 45.5 kg to 18.22 kg.

Progress on Proving the Mass gap for Yang Mills and Gravity (Maybe it’s already proven…)

Proving and constructing viable Yang Mills Gauge is a key concern for the Standard Model and an open problem. It has only be solved on lattices. Yet, gravity is not modeled in the Standard Model. We discuss that in a multi-fold universe where gravity emerges from entanglement effects, the spacetime is discrete (fractal with fractional dimensions, noncommutative and still Lorentz invariant). For any Lorentz invariant discrete spacetime, the lattice proofs and their lattice cell size independence completes the proof of the mass gap for Yang Mills Gauge theories. Continuous spacetime may or may not have a mass gap; but it does not matter if the real universe is discrete and Lorentz invariant.

Developing an Equivalent Solid Material Model for BCC Lattice Cell Structures Involving Vertical and Horizontal Struts

In this study, a body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice unit cell occupied inside a frame structure to create a so-called “InsideBCC” is considered. The equivalent quasi-isotropic properties required to describe the material behavior of the InsideBCC unit cell are equivalent Young’s modulus ( E e ) , equivalent shear modulus ( G e ) , and equivalent Poisson’s ratio ( ν e ) . The finite element analysis (FEA) based computational approach is used to simulate and calculate the mechanical responses of InsideBCC unit cell, which are the mechanical responses of the equivalent solid. Two separates finite element models are then developed for samples under compression: one with a 6 × 6 × 4 cell InsideBCC lattice cell structure (LCS) and one completely solid with equivalent solid properties obtained from a unit cell model. In addition, 6 × 6 × 4 cell specimens are fabricated on a fused deposition modeling (FDM) uPrint SEplus 3D printer using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) material and tested experimentally under quasi-static compression load. Then, the results extracted from the finite element simulation of both the entire lattice and the equivalent solid models are compared with the experimental data. A good agreement between the experimental stress–strain behavior and that obtained from the FEA models is observed within the linear elastic limit.

Vanadium Doping Effect on Multifunctionality of SnO2 Nanoparticles

In the present study, tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by a precursor polymeric method. The obtained nanoparticles were doped with vanadium. The samples were characterized by powder XRD, TEM, optical UV and EPR studies. XRD and TEM showed the rutile crystal structure and its revealed that the lattice cell parameters and particles size were decreased with dopant level. Optical and EPR data confirmed that the doped V enters into SnO2 and distorted the host material symmetry. The films sensing characteristics have been studied from the aspect of doping level of sensing material and microstructure. It is found that V doping on SnO2 enhance sensor sensitivity towards CO gas. The results demonstrated that V doping can improving numerous applications which the SnO2 response is maximized.