Lung cancer incidence and mortality trends in the Republic of Belarus (1990-2019)

favorable malignant diseases globally. In the Republic of Belarus, it ranks third (8.2%) in the cancer incidence structure and first (21.5%) in the cancer mortality structure. The object of the study were the lung cancer incidence and mortality trends in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 1990-2019. Methods: The present study included all patients - residents of Belarus, registered in the national cancer registry from 1990 to 2019 with a diagnosis of lung cancer (ICD-10 code: C33-C34). Demographic variables included gender, age, and area of residence (urban or rural). The number of PD cases is presented as absolute values and rough intensity indicators per 100,000 population. Standardized morbidity and mortality rates are calculated using the world standard (World) and are indicated per 100,000 population. Results: In the study period, the standardized incidence rate decreased from 27.5 to 25.6 per 100 000 population (– 7.1%, p<0.01). In males, it decreased from 62.1 to 54.6 per 100 000 males (– 12.1%, p<0.001); in females, it increased from 5.3 to 6.4 per 100 000 females (+20.7%, p<0.05). The standardized lung cancer mortality rate has decreased over the study period from 23.0 to 18.3 per 100 000 population (– 20.4%, p<0.001). In males, it went down from 53.6 to 40.7 (– 24.1%, p<0.001), and in women it changed slightly from 3.6 to 3.7 (+2.8%, p>0.05) per 100 000 of the relevant sex. The average annual increase in standardized mortality decreased eight times faster than the growth in standardized incidence. Conclusion: In the Republic of Belarus, lung cancer incidence is increasing in males and decreasing in females. At that, lung cancer mortality is decreasing. Quality specialized cancer care creates conditions for quicker negative growth of lung cancer standardized mortality vs. incidence

Groups \(S_n \times S_m\) in construction of flag-transitive block designs

In this paper, we observe the possibility that the group \(S_{n}\times S_{m}\) acts as a flag-transitive automorphism group of a block design with point set \(\{1,\ldots ,n\}\times \{1,\ldots ,m\},4\leq n\leq m\leq 70\). We prove the equivalence of that problem to the existence of an appropriately defined smaller flag-transitive incidence structure. By developing and applying several algorithms for the construction of the latter structure, we manage to solve the existence problem for the desired designs with \(nm\) points in the given range. In the vast majority of the cases with confirmed existence, we obtain all possible structures up to isomorphism.

Some Regional Aspects of Disease Incidence in the Working-Age Population of the Ural Federal District

Background: Achievement of the national goals to increase life expectancy and ensure sustained population growth in the Russian Federation largely depends on the health status and mortality rates in the working-age population. Health risk management for this cohort is impossible without effective disease incidence data, the lack of which impedes the development and implementation of optimal solutions in health maintenance. Objective: To assess rates and features of disease incidence in the working-age population of the Ural Federal District. Materials and methods: We acquired data on disease incidence in the Russian Federation from statistical yearbooks published on the website of the Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Russian Ministry of Health and on the size of the working-age population from the Federal State Statistics Service. We estimated age-specific incidence rates (per 100,000) in the working-age population of the Russian Federation, the Ural Federal District and its administrative territories for 2015–2019 using MS Excel. The statistical data analysis was performed using the Statistica 10 software. The incidence structure by ICD-10 disease categories was determined. Results: We were first to establish absolute and relative incidence rates, incidence structure by ICD-10 disease categories, and regional features of disease incidence in the working-age population residing in the Ural Federal District. We found significant differences between district and federal average incidence rates. Conclusions: The incidence in the Ural Federal District was significantly higher than the national average. Incidence rates differed significantly between certain territories of the district. Incidence rates in the working-age population shall be included in the system of public health monitoring and taken into account when developing local programs of governmental guarantees of free medical services to citizens.

Analysis of cancer incidence structure in the Republic of Uzbekistan

Relevance: Globocan reports 19.3 million new cases of malignant neoplasms in 2020 globally. Mammary gland cancer has become the most commonly diagnosed oncological pathology, followed by lung, colon and rectum, prostate, and stomach cancers. In Uzbekistan, malignant neoplasms of the breast, stomach, cervix, lungs, and brain dominate the structure of cancer incidence. The study aimed to analyze the cancer incidence trends and structure in the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2020. Results: In 2020, 21976 new cancer cases were registered in Uzbekistan. The ratio of men and women newly diagnosed with cancer was 0.7:1.4. Cancers of the breast, cervix, and ovary were the most common in women; cancers of the stomach, lung, and prostate — in men. Hemoblastoses were more common at a young age, breast cancer – at working age, and stomach cancer – at old age. Conclusions: The statistical information analysis showed that in 2020 the cancers of the mammary gland, stomach, and cervix were leading in the overall cancer structure, with significant differences in different age categories. This determines the need for further improvement of cancer care in Uzbekistan.

Analysis of cancer incidence structure in the Republic of Uzbekistan

Relevance: Globocan reports 19.3 million new cases of malignant neoplasms in 2020 globally. Mammary gland cancer has become the most commonly diagnosed oncological pathology, followed by lung, colon and rectum, prostate, and stomach cancers. In Uzbekistan, malignant neoplasms of the breast, stomach, cervix, lungs, and brain dominate the structure of cancer incidence. The study aimed to analyze the cancer incidence trends and structure in the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2020. Results: In 2020, 21976 new cancer cases were registered in Uzbekistan. The ratio of men and women newly diagnosed with cancer was 0.7:1.4. Cancers of the breast, cervix, and ovary were the most common in women; cancers of the stomach, lung, and prostate - in men. Hemoblastoses were more common at a young age, breast cancer – at working age, and stomach cancer – at old age. Conclusions: The statistical information analysis showed that in 2020 the cancers of the mammary gland, stomach, and cervix were leading in the overall cancer structure, with significant differences in different age categories. This determines the need for further improvement of cancer care in Uzbekistan.

DENGUE FEVER: STAGES, COMPLICATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES

Dengue fever virus (DENV) is said to be a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the family Flaviviridae and the genus is Flavivirus. The disease can be transmitted through infected blood products and also through organ donation. Vertical transmission (from mother to child) at the time of pregnancy or during birth has been reported. Other unusual reports showed man-to-man modes of transmission. Hemorrhagic fever is specified by hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, leakage of blood plasma, or dengue shock syndrome. Dengue is basically transmitted by various species of mosquito among the genus Aedes, the most uniquely identified one is Aedes aegypti. There are four different but very closely related serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4) of the virus that causes Dengue. Lifelong immunity against the particular serotype that has caused the infection is believed to have been imparted upon recovery. However, cross-immunity to the other serotypes is either partial or temporary upon recovery and hence future infections by any of the other serotypes enhance the risk of developing severe dengue. Prevention is identified by reducing the habitat and the number of mosquitoes and also by limiting exposure to bites. Treatment of mild or moderate type is supportive, with oral or intravenous rehydration. The intravenous fluids and blood transfusion for more severe cases are found to be effective. The present study aimed to present brief and informative salient features of various facts regarding dengue, including its global incidence, structure, mode of transmission, clinical signs and symptoms, control, and preventive measures.

DYNAMICS IN INCIDENCE OF DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AMONG ADULTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2007-2019

Significance. Diseases of the circulatory system remain one of the leading causes of death and morbidity of the adult population. Over the years, the efforts of the State aimed at controlling diseases of the circulatory system have made the contribution of this disease class to the total mortality in Russia gradually reduce. Nevertheless, diseases of the circulatory system remain the leading ones among diseases, characterized by a steady growth and rapidly increasing prevalence among the population. The purpose of the study is to analyze dynamics in incidence and prevalence of the diseases of the circulatory system among the Russian adult population in 2007-2019. Material and methods. The study used data of the statistical collections of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health of Russia: "Morbidity of the adult population of the Russian Federation" for 2007-2019. The study, which is a continuous statistical observation, used the method of direct ranking, calculation of indicators of time series. Results. Diseases of the circulatory system in 2019 ranked fourth in the incidence structure of the adult population (8%), while its prevalence ranked second to none (21%). Over 13 years, the incidence of diseases of the circulatory system in adults increased by 42% (2007-2019) while its prevalence increased by 24%. The highest levels of incidence of diseases of the circulatory system in 2019 are registered in the Krasnodar Territory (9,024.3 per 100 000 population, + 324%), the Kurgan Region (7,404.2, + 103%) and the Karachayevo-Circassian Republic (7 286.2, + 268%), and prevalence - in the Altai Territory (52 557.6, + 2%), the Chuvash Republic (51 814.6, + 38%) and the Voronezh Region (45 339.4, + 59%). The maximum rates of increase in morbidity with diseases of the circulatory system from 2007 to 2019 are registered in the South Federal district (incidence - by 119%, prevalence - by 56%), among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation: incidence - in the Krasnodar Territory (by 324%), prevalence – the Karachayevo-Circassian Republic (by 136%). According to the state statistical reporting, on average, every 7th acute myocardial infarction is complicated by recurrent heart attack in Russia. Conclusions. Throughout the study period of 13 years, the leading nosological forms include: Hypertensive diseases (35%; 45%, respectively), Ischemic heart diseases (22%; 21,6%) and Cerebrovascular diseases (23%; 20%). Over half of the diseases of the circulatory system are registered in the older working ages (55-60 and over). Scope of application. The study results can be useful to regional authorities in public health in planning and implementing regional programs aimed at controlling diseases of the circulatory system.

HEALTH STATUS ASSESSMENT IN MILITARY PERSONNEL SERVING UNDER THE CONTRACT IN THE BLACK SEA FLEET

The geopolitical importance of the Black Sea region substantiates higher requirements for maintaining health of the military personnel under the contract. The purpose of the study: to assess health indicators of all categories of military personnel serving under the contract in the Black Sea Fleet for the period from 2013 to 2020. Material and methods: the authors have analyzed reports on military medical unit performance in the form 3-med for the period from 2013 to 2020. Based on the information received, the authors have calculated rates of incidence, prevalence, incidence with hospitalization, incidence with temporary disability, retirement, mortality and health index. Dynamics in health indicators have been assessed using the dynamic series method. Average values of the absolute increase and rate of growth/decrease of indicators for the period 2013-2020 have been calculated as well. Mean difference and 95% confidence intervals have been used for presenting quantitative data. Microsoft Excel 2016 and IBM SPSS ver.25 application package have been used for data processing. Results: average incidence rate adds up to 195.91 ‰ (CI 95%: 108.86-282.96), average prevalence rate equals to 1002.00 ‰ (CI 95%: 543.34-1460.67), incidence rate with hospitalization - 224.67 ‰ (CI 95%: 156.98 - 292.37), and incidence rate with temporary disability - 4335.50 ‰ (CI 95%: 2957.71 - 5707.29), retirement rate - 7.45 ‰ (CI 95%: 4.75 - 10.15), mortality rate - 92.36 (CI 95%: 47.00 - 137.72), health index - 47.39 (95% CI: 40.53 - 54.24). The main contribution to the incidence structure of the studied military contingent is made by diseases of the X, XIII and XII classes. Statistically significant trends towards decreasing incidence of infectious diseases and disorders of eye and adnexa and increasing mortality has been identified. Conclusions: Participation of the Black Sea Fleet units in local military operations can be accompanied by a significant increase in disease incidence and incidence with disability. The obtained data can be used to plan medical support for the Black Sea Fleet operation, as well as for the ongoing and future planning of the medical and preventive activities of the Fleet medical service in the field of military health protection.

A SURGICAL TACTICS IN THE INJURY OF TRACHEA AND BRONCHI IN CHILDREN

Introduction. Tracheal and bronchial injuries in children are not at the last place in the trauma incidence structure . It is an urgent issue for both adult and pediatric surgeons. Purpose. To show ways for obtaining good outcomes in patients with trachea and bronchi rupture. Material and methods. The researchers analyzed outcomes of surgical treatment of 19 patients with trachea and bronchi ruptures. The patients had surgeries at various intervals after the injury: from few hours to 10 days. X-ray and tracheobronchoscopy examinations were made. On the first day after the injury, a radical surgery was performed to restore the airway patency. Late surgical interventions ended with pulmonectomy or lobectomy. At the final stage of the trial, early and long-term results were analyzed. Results. The radical surgical treatment consisting of thoracotomy and complete restoration of anatomical integrity and airway patency had 16 children of various age on the first day after their injury . Surgery lasted for 85 ± 15 min. There were no any complications during the surgery. At the early period of observation after the surgery, a ventilation failure of degree I was seen in 3 patients. Two years later, compensated stenosis of the bronchus without signs of ventilation failure was seen in one child. Three children were operated on in 10 days after their injury. Organ-sparing surgeries were performed in them (lobectomy and pulmonectomy). These surgeries lasted for 130 ± 15 min. At the early postoperative period, all three patients had ventilation failure of degree II. In 2 years, two children developed a persistent deformation of the chest, two children were disabled. Conclusion. A successful treatment of children with lower airways injury may be expected if the radical assistance is provided by a thoracic surgeon and shortly after the injury.