scholarly journals Socio-Psychological Mechanisms of Entrepreneurial Activity in the Youth Environment

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-103
Author(s):  
Anna Nikolaevna Zakharova ◽  
Galina Sergeevna Dulina ◽  
Svetlana Mikhailovna Shiverova

Entrepreneurship in Russia and the Chuvash Republic is undergoing new phases of development, a new generation of entrepreneurs has appeared, the one that formed under contemporary socio-economic conditions. The article examines the results of the undertaken empiric research on psychological peculiarities of young entrepreneurs, socio-psychological mechanisms of entrepreneurial activity in modern environment, economic and psychological as well as socio-psychological phenomena in modern entrepreneurship. Features of value sphere, subjective economic wealth, professional types of personality, socio-psychological setup of young entrepreneurs, engaging in entrepreneurial activity in the Chuvash Republic and Russia.

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nohad ‘Ali

This paper argues that, although the shared and universal ideology of the Islamic revival movements was adopted by the Islamic movement in Israel, the movement has been trying to embody it in diverse and distinctive ways. In principle there is a conflict between commitment to the principle of Islamic revivalism on the one hand, and being so committed in the specific context of the ethnic Jewish state, on the other. The Jewish context of the State of Israel continues to bedevil the development of the Islamic movement in Israel. Since the 1930s, Islamic revivalism in Palestine has undergone five phases of development: the Egyptian, Israeli, Palestinian, and the two phases of ‘adaptation’ and ‘post-adaptation’. These phases reflect ideological developments, rather than simply a historical evolution. They are also the outcome of three sets of constraints: structural, ideological and domestic.


Author(s):  
Екатерина Васильевна Гусева

Статья посвящена рассмотрению особенностей формирования неформальных групп в пенитенциарном учреждении и характеру их влияния на процесс исправления осужденных, являющихся членами этих групп. Приводятся статистические данные о преступности в исправительных учреждениях за последние годы, а также действиях, дезорганизующих работу исправительных учреждений. Рассматриваются причины влияния криминальной субкультуры на личность осужденного и особенности формирования неформальных групп различной направленности (положительной, отрицательной и нейтральной). Особое внимание уделяется взаимообусловленному процессу влияния на личность осужденного неформальной группы и администрации пенитенциарного учреждения, от которого во многом зависит возможность его исправления. Анализируются психологические механизмы, лежащие в основе приобщения осужденного к неформальным группам отрицательной направленности. Описываются психолого-педагогические особенности воспитательной работы с осужденными в неформальных группах. Характеризуется выбор средств, форм и мер воздействия на личность осужденного в неформальных группах. Указываются особенности воспитательных воздействий на личность осужденного, приводящие к тем или иным изменениям в личностной сфере. Рассматриваются обстоятельства для наибольшего положительного эффекта от воспитательной работы и указываются социально-психологические явления, которые наиболее эффективны, а также разнообразные методы профилактического и пресекающего воздействия. В заключение рассматривается важность изменений в управленческих и воспитательных структурах исправительных учреждений, в стилях воздействия и режима содержания осужденных, а также необходимость повышения уровня психолого-педагогической подготовки сотрудников, расширения знаний о специфике индивидуального и группового поведения осужденных. The article is devoted to the consideration of the peculiarities of the formation of informal groups in a penitentiary institution and the nature of their influence on the process of correction of convicts who are members of these groups. Statistics on crime in correctional institutions over the past year sare provided as well as actions that disrupt the work of correctional institutions. The reasons for the influence of the criminal subculture on the personality of the convict and the peculiarities of the formation of informal groups of various orientations (positive, negative and neutral) are considered. Particular attention is paid to the interdependent process of influence on the personality of the convict by the informal group and the administration of the penitentiary institution, on which the possibility of his correction largely depends. The psychological mechanisms underlying the introduction of a convict to informal groups of a negative orientation are analyzed. Psychological and pedagogical features of educational work with convicts in informal groups are described. The choice of meansis characterized as well as forms and measures of influence on the personality of the convicted person in informal groups. Specific features of educational influences on the personality of the convicted person, leading to certain changes in the personal sphere are examined. The circumstances for the most positive effect of educational work are considered, and the socio-psychological phenomena that are most effective are indicated, as well as various methods of preventive and intersecting influence. At the end of the article the importance of changes in the management and educational structures of correctional institutionsis discussed as well as changes in the styles of influence and the regime of detention of prisoners and the need to improve the level of psychological and pedagogical training of employees, expanding knowledge about the specifics of individual and group behavior.


Author(s):  
Eric Pelfrene ◽  
Radu Botgros ◽  
Marco Cavaleri

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global problem to which the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may further contribute. With resources deployed away from antimicrobial stewardship, evidence of substantial pre-emptive antibiotic use in COVID-19 patients and indirectly, with deteriorating economic conditions fuelling poverty potentially impacting on levels of resistance, AMR threat remains significant. Main body In this paper, main AMR countermeasures are revisited and priorities to tackle the issue are re-iterated. The need for collaboration is stressed, acknowledging the relationship between human health, animal health and environment (“One Health” approach). Among the stated priorities, the initiative by the European Medicines Regulatory Network to further strengthen the measures in combatting AMR is highlighted. Likewise, it is asserted that other emerging health threats require global collaboration with the One Health approach offering a valuable blueprint for action. Conclusion The authors stress the importance of an integrated preparedness strategy to tackle this public health peril.


2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 6691-6737 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Massart ◽  
C. Clerbaux ◽  
D. Cariolle ◽  
A. Piacentini ◽  
S. Turquety ◽  
...  

Abstract. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) is one of the five European new generation instruments carried by the polar-orbiting MetOp-A satellite. Data assimilation is a powerful tool to combine these data with a numerical model. This paper presents the first steps made towards the assimilation of the total ozone columns from the IASI measurements into a chemistry transport model. The IASI ozone data used are provided by an inversion of radiances performed at the LATMOS (Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales). As a contribution to the validation of this dataset, the LATMOS-IASI data are compared to a four dimensional ozone field, with low systematic and random errors compared to ozonesondes and OMI-DOAS data. This field results from the combined assimilation of ozone profiles from the MLS instrument and of total ozone columns from the SCIAMACHY instrument. It is found that on average, the LATMOS-IASI data tends to overestimate the total ozone columns by 2% to 8%. The random observation error of the LATMOS-IASI data is estimated to about 6%, except over polar regions and deserts where it is higher. Using this information, the LATMOS-IASI data are then assimilated, combined with the MLS data. This first LATMOS-IASI data assimilation experiment shows that the resulting analysis is quite similar to the one obtained from the combined MLS and SCIAMACHY data assimilation.


Author(s):  
Ralf Bruns ◽  
Jürgen Dunkel

We propose the software architecture of a new generation of advisory systems using Intelligent Agent and Semantic Web technologies. Multi-agent systems provide a well-suited paradigm to implement negotiation processes in consultancy situations. Intelligent software agents act as clients and advisors using their knowledge in order to assist human users. In the proposed architecture the domain knowledge is semantically modeled by means of XML-based ontology languages such as OWL. Using an inference engine the agents reason on base of their knowledge to make decisions or proposals. The agent knowledge consists of different types of data: on the one hand private data, which has to be protected against unauthorized access, and on the other hand publicly accessible data spread over different web sites. Comparable to a real consultancy situation, an agent only reveals sensitive private data if it is indispensable for finding a solution. In addition, depending on the actual consultancy situation each agent dynamically expands its knowledge base by accessing OWL knowledge sources from the Internet. The usefulness of our approach is proved by the implementation of an advisory system whose objective is to develop virtual student advisers that render support to university students in order to successfully organize und perform their studies.


2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-198
Author(s):  
Yann Giraud

Historians of economics rarely consider textbooks as more than passive receptacles of previously validated knowledge. Therefore, their active role in shaping the discipline and its image is seldom addressed. In this paper, I study the making of Paul Samuelson’s successive editions of Economics from 1967 to 1973 as an instance of how textbooks stand at the crossroads between disciplinary knowledge, pedagogy, and larger political and societal concerns. In the mid-1960s, Economics, now at its sixth edition, was at the height of its success. Considered one cornerstone of modern economics, it was also at the center of a number of criticisms dealing with the current state of the economic discipline and its teaching in the universities. While the profession expressed its concern over the lack of relevance of economics to address the pressing issues of the day and pleaded for a new “problem-solving” approach to economic education, the late 1960s witnessed the emergence of a new generation of “radical” economists criticizing the economics orthodoxy. Their contention that mainstream theory had neglected the issues of class struggle and capitalist exploitation found a favorable echo among an increasingly politicized population. Using archival materials, I show how Samuelson, helped by his editorial team at McGraw-Hill, attempted to take into account these changes in order to ensure the continuing success of subsequent editions of his text in an increasingly competitive market. This study emphasizes Samuelson’s ambiguous attitude toward his contenders, revealing, on the one hand, his apparent openness to discussion and outsiders’ suggestions, and, on the other hand, his firm attachment to mildly liberal politics and aversion to Marxism, unchanged through revisions. It also helps refine a notion that is often invoked but never fully expounded in textbook studies: that of the audience.


Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luidmila S. Yakimova ◽  
Aigul R. Nugmanova ◽  
Olga A. Mostovaya ◽  
Alena A. Vavilova ◽  
Dmitriy N. Shurpik ◽  
...  

Controlling the self-assembly of polyfunctional compounds in interpolyelectrolyte aggregates is an extremely challenging task. The use of macrocyclic compounds offers new opportunities in design of a new generation of mixed nanoparticles. This approach allows creating aggregates with multivalent molecular recognition, improved binding efficiency and selectivity. In this paper, we reported a straightforward approach to the synthesis of interpolyelectrolytes by co-assembling of the thiacalix[4]arene with four negatively charged functional groups on the one side of macrocycle, and pillar[5]arene with 10 ammonium groups located on both sides. Nanostructured polyelectrolyte complexes show effective packaging of high-molecular DNA from calf thymus. The interaction of co-interpolyelectrolytes with the DNA is completely different from the interaction of the pillar[5]arene with the DNA. Two different complexes with DNA, i.e., micelleplex- and polyplex-type, were formed. The DNA in both cases preserved its secondary structure in native B form without distorting helicity. The presented approach provides important advantage for the design of effective biomolecular gene delivery systems.


1988 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
W. Schmutz

Advances in theoretical modeling of rapidly expanding atmospheres in the past few years made it possible to determine the stellar parameters of the Wolf-Rayet stars. This progress is mainly due to the improvement of the models with respect to their spatial extension: The new generation of models treat spherically-symmetric expanding atmospheres, i.e. the models are one-dimensional. Older models describe the wind by only one representative point. The older models are in fact ‘core-halo’ approximations. They have been introduced by Castor and van Blerkom (1970), and were extensively employed in the past (cf. e.g. Willis and Wilson, 1978; Smith and Willis, 1982). First results from new one-dimensional model calculations are published by Hillier (1984), Schmutz (1984), Hamann (1985), Hillier (1986), and Schmutz et al. (1987a); more detailed results are presented by Schmutz and Hamann (1986), Hamann and Schmutz (1987), Hillier (1987a,b), Wessolowski et al. (1987), Hillier (1987c) and Hamann et al. (1987). These results demonstrate that the step from zero- to one-dimensional calculations is essential. The important point is that the complicated interrelation between NLTE-level populations and radiation field is treated adequately (Schmutz and Hamann, 1986; Hillier, 1987). For this interrelation it is crucial to model consistently not only the line-formation region, but also the layers where the continuum is emitted. In fact, it is the core-halo approximation that causes the one-point models to fail in certain aspects.


2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 14015
Author(s):  
Indriana Kartini

Solar cells have been the queen of alternative renewable energy for the earth. From silicon-based solar cells to the new generation of perovskite-based solar cells, the choice and performance of the materials of the corresponding cells are still the focus of research interest. Amongst, photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar cells trigger the use and exploration of nanomaterials to boost their cell’s performance. This short review focus on the development of nanomaterials used for PEC, from nanoparticles to the one-dimensional titanium dioxide (titania) such as nanofibers and nanotubes, as well as the hybrid system with the perovskite halide. The search for light-harvesting materials is also included especially natural dyes. The review ends with a strategy to marry the natural dyes' potential with the sophisticated structure of nanomaterials to result in an efficient natural dyes PEC solar cells.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6206
Author(s):  
Edurne Avellanal-Zaballa ◽  
Leire Gartzia-Rivero ◽  
Jorge Bañuelos ◽  
Inmaculada García-Moreno ◽  
Antonia R. Agarrabeitia ◽  
...  

The disposal of long-wavelength-emitting sources is of paramount relevance in technology and biophotonics due to the low interference with the surroundings that these kinds of far-red and near-infrared radiations hold. As a result of the continued efforts carried out during the last few years by our research group to design new boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes with improved photonic performance, two approaches were tested to develop a new generation of organic dyes able to display efficient and long-lasting laser emission in both target spectral regions. On the one hand, the annulation of aromatic benzofuran at the dipyrrin backbone leads to conformationally restricted dyes yielding photostable and bright laser emission beyond 600 nm at the far-red spectral region. On the other hand, a more pronounced shift to longer wavelengths reaching 725 nm at the near-infrared region is feasible, while keeping a reasonably high laser efficiency and tolerance to prolonged and intense pumping, based on aza-BODIPYs bearing peripheral aryl rings. These two complementary strategies yield a library of laser-emitting compounds comprising the 600–725 nm spectral region. Moreover, their laser performance is better than the commercially available dye lasers active in this spectral window.


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