"Lingua receptiva": ekolingwistyczne ujęcie słowiańskich kontaktów międzyjęzykowych w przestrzeni pogranicza (przypadek polsko-czeski)

Lingua receptiva: An Ecolinguistic Approach to Slavic Inter-Language Contacts in a Borderland Area (a Polish-Czech Case)Ecolinguistics has dealt with inter-language contacts ever since its beginnings as an independent linguistic discipline in the 1970s. However, it has not gained much interest among Slavic studies scholars in Poland. The aim of this article is to present the ecolinguistic concept of research on Slavic inter-language contacts on the example of Polish and Czech using the notion lingua receptiva. The proposed concept of integrated research on language ecology in the Polish-Czech borderland covers three dimensions of the language ecosystem: natural, social and cognitive. Research on the natural ecology of the language revolves around its interrelationships with the surrounding natural environment and can relate to topography, fauna and flora, etc. This research considers the potential of the natural and the anthropogenic environment in relation to the language (and vice versa). In the sociological observation of the language ecology, attention is paid to social and cultural conditions shaping the relationships between communicating individuals and the nature of the communities that are constituted or maintained as a result of these contacts. Cognitive language ecology, in turn, includes the cognitive skills and competences of users, especially those that enable flexible adaptation in a particular environment. A different methodology has been developed for each dimension: from sociolinguistic quantitative approaches based on surveys, to pragmalinguistic experiments designed to observe the shape of sender-recipient relations in inter-language receptive communication. These methodologies are presented together with the preliminary results of research which make it possible to state that lingua receptiva is the nucleus of inclusive multilingualism, breaking the paradigm of monolingualism and blurring the borders between languages in the pursuit of mutual understanding. Lingua receptiva: ekolingwistyczne ujęcie słowiańskich kontaktów międzyjęzykowych w przestrzeni pogranicza (przypadek polsko-czeski)Ekolingwistyka jako samodzielna dyscyplina językoznawcza, która ukonstytuowała się w latach 70. XX wieku, od początku zajmowała się kontaktami międzyjęzykowymi. Jednakże wśród slawistów w Polsce nie zyskała większego zainteresowania. Celem tekstu jest przedstawienie ekolingwistycznej koncepcji badań słowiańskich kontaktów międzyjęzykowych na przykładzie polsko-czeskim z wykorzystaniem pojęcia lingua receptiva. Proponowana koncepcja zintegrowanych badań nad ekologią języka na polsko-czeskim pograniczu obejmuje trzy wymiary ekosystemu języka: naturalny, społeczny i poznawczy. Badania nad naturalną ekologią języka oscylują wokół jego wzajemnych związków z otaczającym środowiskiem naturalnym i mogą odnosić się do topografii, fauny i flory itd. Pod uwagę bierze się w nich potencjał środowiska naturalnego i otoczenia antropogenicznego w relacji do języka (i odwrotnie). W obserwacji socjologicznej ekologii języka zwraca się uwagę na uwarunkowania społeczne i kulturowe kształtujące relacje między komunikującymi się jednostkami oraz charakter wspólnot, które są konstytuowane lub podtrzymywane w wyniku tych kontaktów. Kognitywna ekologia języka obejmuje z kolei zdolności poznawcze i kompetencje użytkowników, zwłaszcza te, które pozwalają elastycznie adaptować się w określonym środowisku. Dla każdego wymiaru została wypracowana inna metodologia: od socjolingwistycznych ujęć ilościowych opartych na badaniach ankietowych do eksperymentów pragmalingwistycznych służących obserwacji ukształtowania nadawczo-odbiorczego w międzyjęzykowej komunikacji receptywnej. Zostanie ona przedstawiona wraz ze wstępnymi wynikami badań, które pozwalają stwierdzić, że lingua receptiva stanowi jądro multilingwizmu inkluzywnego przełamującego paradygmat jednojęzyczności i zacierającego granice języków w dążeniu do wzajemnego zrozumienia.

Contribution to the knowledge of the terrestrial isopod fauna of Lithuania

The present survey provides records on terrestrial isopods from southern and north-western parts of Lithuania. Isopods were sampled manually by checking substrates in eight habitats (several types of forest and anthropogenic environment) between 2014 and 2016. In total, seven species were recorded. The common European species Trachelipus rathkii was noted as the most frequent isopod in all studied habitats from southern Lithuania. Porcellionides pruinosus, found in the habitat of anthropogenic activity, was recorded for the first time from Lithuania. Based on the data of the present study and previous surveys, the 14 species of terrestrial isopods are recorded in Lithuania and the current state of knowledge about Lithuanian isopod is summarised.

ECOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURAL (NATURAL-ANTHROPOGENIC) ENVIRONMENT UNDER ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFORMATIONS

Formulation of the problem. Ecology is understood as a science that studies the environment and its relationship with human activity, as well as a means of reducing anthropogenic pressure. Architecture ecology, as a branch of architectural science, needs to expand the methods of studying the regime of environmental factors, as well as trends in their regional change. The purpose of the article is to study the directions of improving methods for determining the characteristics of an architectural space, which can provide a basis for determining environmental performance indicators. When designing local zones of recreational gullies, parks, forests, one should take into account the environment of the transforming and transgressive influence of micro-, meso-, and macrobiogeocenosis systems. Results. Based on the study of experience, it is proposed to systematize the environment from the point of view of ecology. In particular, the following types of architectural and ecological space are distinguished: according to the composition of the material basis − natural, quasi-natural, artificial, combined; by the state of ecological balance − ordered, unstable, violated; after interaction with others − open, half-open, closed, isolated, hermetic; in accordance with the structure − central, peripheral, borderline, linking; from the point of view of energy-informational impact on a person − Biopositive (beneficial), neutral, extreme and pathogenic. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The research carried out by the author has somewhat changed the approach to systematizing the environment from the point of view of ecology. The types of architectural and ecological space are theoretically substantiated. Practical significance dedicated to the concepts of architectural space and issues of its topology, morphology and semiotics, as well as in works on the study of the composition of architectural space, highlight certain aspects of architectural ecology.

Parameters of heart rate variability inside total constitution as the algorithm of adaptation to modern anthropogenic environment (pilot study)

Samples of students aged 18-20 years, 50 males and 50 females, were examined by a vast program, including standard anthropometry, psychological testing, EEG registration, HRV registration as a separate cut during EEG recording. To estimate intersystem covariability Spearman rank correlation and factor analysis were enlisted. Results and discussion. Frequencies of intersystem correlations are much more numerous for females as compared to males. The greatest number of significant correlations for girls fall on associations of spectral HRV parameters (HF, LF, LF/HF) and power EEG parameters in different bands and cuts. The picture for males embraces HRV parameters (VLF, IC) and EEG parameters in frequency ranks lower than 9-11 Hz in occipital and temporal cuts. Seldom correlations of HRV parameters for both sexes with soma and psychometrics are fixed. Conclusion. The results allow to discuss different by sex «adaptive endophenotypes», being the background of the behavior patterns. In particular, associations of EEG parameters with HRV parameters, connected with the functioning of higher parts of the brain for males; with HRV parameters, reflecting sympathetic and parasympathetic influences balance – for females. Females are characterized by more pronounced correlations of physiological parameters with soma, especially transversal development of soma (shoulder width, chest transversal diameter among others).

Growth of Vegetative Organs of Picea abies (L.) Karst. in Anthropogenic Environment

The studies were carried out in stands of various degree of devastation: in the city, suburban forests and forests of the green zone. Recreational loads strongly affect the sanitary condition of spruce forests. The number of healthy trees decreases to 30–42 % with increasing recreational digression, while the number of declining and dead trees increases to 15–36 %. The state of tree stands in the forests of the green zone is estimated at 1.2–1.5 points, and 2.1–2.7 points in the suburban forests. No declining and dead trees were found in the forests of the green zone, and in the suburban forests their share was 15 and 36 % of the total number, respectively. Therefore, generally, spruce suburban forests are classified as weakened. Approximately 59 % of the area of suburban forests is in the III stage of recreational digression, and 19 % – in the IV stage. Growth studies of P. abies showed that the features of these processes are determined mainly by the seasonal variability of climatic factors. Studies have shown that the features of growth processes of P. abies are determined mainly by seasonal variation of meteorological factors. It was found that the earliest growth of shoots and needles begins and ends in the urban environment. The year-by-year variability in the timing of these phenophases reaches 1–2 weeks. Soil compaction as a result of recreational loads has a particularly negative effect on the intensity of tree growth and annual growth of vegetative organs. Shoots of P. abies in green forests (undisturbed stands) are longer than in suburban and urban plantations by 2–30 % and 6–17%, respectively. The longest needles (16.6–19.7 mm) are formed in the forests of the green zone. In urban plantations this value is 12.8–15.0 mm. The smallest needle packing was found in the city conditions, characterized by the maximum degree of recreational digression. Here, the annual radial increment of the trunk of P. abies under the influence of recreational loads decreases by 16–20 % compared to the forests of the green zone. The sequence in the growth phenophases does not depend on the degree of environmental disturbance. The shoots are the first to grow (in May), young needles after 1 or 2 weeks, and then the formation of wood in the lower part of the trunk begins. The sequence in stopping the growth processes is as follows: shoots, needles, trunks. For citation: Kishchenko I.T., Olkhina E.S. Growth of Vegetative Organs of Picea abies (L.) Karst. in Anthropogenic Environment. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 3, pp. 59–72. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-3-59-72

Ushkiani-Project: Preliminary archaeological investigations in the Lake Sevan Region/Armenia

The enclosed landscape around the Artanish Peninsula (Lake Sevan/Armenia) can be seen as a prehistoric terra incognita due to the wholesale lack of archaeological investigations to date. Initial approaches in 2019 – funded by the Gerda-Henkel-Foundation – revealed outlines of the prehistoric settlement patterns which could be placed in relation to gold mining in a clearly delineated natural corridor along this line of superregional communication and trade routes. The intention of the following project is to implement an intensive, holistic-archaeological investigation of the settlement network in the surroundings of the gold mining area and an interdisciplinary attempt to embed these structures within the larger ecological and anthropogenic environment.

Accumulation of heavy metals by wild and cultivated mushrooms (review)

The article is devoted to the problem of consequences of anthropogenic environment pollution with heavy metals and their salts. The review presents data on food products that most actively accumulate them. It is shown that edible wild-growing and cultivated mushrooms are classified as such. At the same time, there are no normative documents regulating the maximum permissible values of heavy metals content for wild mushrooms. Herewith, among the wild-growing mushrooms, there are species that are most prone to the heavy metals accumulation. According to the authors, the issue of studying the accumulation of heavy metals by fungi growing near cities with developed industry is relevant. It is required to develop methodological approaches for their detection in wild-growing edible mushrooms and regulatory documents regulating their admission to the retail network.

The Oral Bacterial Community in Melanophryniscus admirabilis (Admirable Red-Belly Toads): Implications for Conservation

Melanophryniscus admirabilis (admirable red-belly toad) is a microendemic and critically endangered species found exclusively along 700 m of the Forqueta River, in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. One of the greatest concerns regarding the conservation of this species is the extensive use of pesticides in areas surrounding their natural habitat. In recent years, the adaptation and persistence of animal species in human-impacted environments have been associated with microbiota. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize the oral bacterial community of wild M. admirabilis and to address the question of how this community might contribute to this toad’s adaptation in the anthropogenic environment as well as its general metabolic capabilities. A total of 11 oral samples collected from wild M. admirabilis were characterized and analyzed via high-throughput sequencing. Fragments of the 16S rRNA variable region 4 (V4) were amplified, and sequencing was conducted using an Ion Personal Genome Machine (PGM) System with 316 chips. A total of 181,350 sequences were obtained, resulting in 16 phyla, 34 classes, 39 orders, and 77 families. Proteobacteria dominated (53%) the oral microbiota of toads, followed by Firmicutes (18%), Bacteroidetes (17%), and Actinobacteria (5%). No significant differences in microbial community profile from among the samples were reported, which suggests that the low dietary diversity observed in this population may directly influence the bacterial composition. Inferences of microbiome function were performed using PICRUSt2 software. Important pathways (e.g., xenobiotic degradation pathways for pesticides and aromatic phenolic compounds) were detected, which suggests that the bacterial communities may serve important roles in M. admirabilis health and survival in the anthropogenic environment. Overall, our results have important implications for the conservation and management of this microendemic and critically endangered species.