Design of SRAM-based 8T-Cell for Memory Alias Table

Memory Alias Table exploits a major role in Register Renaming Unit (RRU) for maintaining the translation between logical registers to physical registers for the given instruction(s). This work presents the design of the memory Alias Table based on the 8TCell with multiport write, read, and content-addressable operation for 2-WAY three operands machine cycle. Results show that four read ports operate simultaneously within a half-cycle, while two-write ports operate simultaneously within the other half-cycle. The operation of content-addressable with two parallel ports is managed during the half-cycle of the read phase; thus, the three operations occur within a single cycle without latency. HSPICE simulations conduct 32-rows x 6-bit with 21T-Cell memory Alias Table that has 4- read ports, 2-write ports, and 2-content-addressable ports using a standard 65 nm/1V CMOS process. Simulations reveal that the proposed design operates within a one-cycle of 1 GHz consuming an average power of 0.87 mW

THE DATA DIAGNOSTIC METHOD OF IN THE SYSTEM OF RESIDUE CLASSES

The subject of the article is the development of a method for diagnosing data that are presented in the system of residual classes (SRC). The purpose of the article is to develop a method for fast diagnostics of data in the SRC when entering the minimum information redundancy. Tasks: to analyze and identify possible shortcomings of existing methods for diagnosing data in the SRC, to explore possible ways to eliminate the identified shortcomings, to develop a method for prompt diagnosis of data in SRC. Research methods: methods of analysis and synthesis of computer systems, number theory, coding theory in SRC. The following results were obtained. It is shown that the main disadvantage of the existing methods is the significant time of data diagnostics when it is necessary to introduce significant information redundancy into the non-positional code structure (NCS). The method considered in the article makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the diagnostic procedure when introducing minimal information redundancy into the NCS. The data diagnostics time, in comparison with the known methods, is reduced primarily due to the elimination of the procedure for converting numbers from the NCS to the positional code, as well as the elimination of the positional operation of comparing numbers. Secondly, the data diagnostics time is reduced by reducing the number of SRC bases in which errors can occur. Third, the data diagnostics time is reduced due to the presentation of the set of values of the alternative set of numbers in a tabular form and the possibility of sampling them in one machine cycle. The amount of additionally introduced information redundancy is reduced due to the effective use of the internal information redundancy that exists in the SRC. An example of using the proposed method for diagnosing data in SRC is given. Conclusions. Thus, the proposed method makes it possible to reduce the time for diagnosing data errors that are presented in the SRC, which increases the efficiency of diagnostics with the introduction of minimal information redundancy.

A new species of Pseudoacanthocephalus (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from the guttural toad, Sclerophrys gutturalis (Bufonidae), introduced into Mauritius, with comments on the implications of the introductions of toads and their parasites into the UK

Pseudoacanthocephalus goodmani n. sp. is described from faecal pellets collected from Sclerophrys gutturalis (Power, 1927), the guttural toad. The species is characterized by a suite of characters, including a proboscis armature of 14–18 longitudinal rows of 4–6 hooks with simple roots, lemnisci longer than the proboscis receptacle, equatorial testes, a cluster of elongated cement glands and eggs without polar prolongations of the middle membrane 72.6–85.8 long. The toad had been accidentally translocated from Mauritius to the UK in a tourist's luggage and survived a washing machine cycle. The guttural toad was introduced into Mauritius from South Africa in 1922 and the cane toad, Rhinella marina (Linneaus, 1758), from South America, between 1936 and 1938. It seems most likely, therefore, that P. goodmani was introduced, with the guttural toad, from South Africa. The cane toad is host to the similar species, Pseudoacanthocephalus lutzi, from the Americas, but P. lutzi has not been recorded from places where the cane toad has been introduced elsewhere. Clearly, the guttural toad is a hardy and adaptable species, although it seems unlikely that it could become established in Northern Europe. Nevertheless, any accidental translocation of hosts poses the potential risk of introducing unwanted pathogens into the environment and should be guarded against.

The Humanity of Humanless Systems

This work considers the future of human interaction with progressively more autonomous systems. I argue that the temporal dissonance between the human’s ‘cycle time’ and machine ‘cycle time,’ will become an overwhelming barrier to collaborative interaction. We may slow machines, we may buffer information exchange, we may default to meta-levels of strategic interchange but in the end all transparency of information interchange will dissolve under the driving influence of time. HF/E is thus already fighting rear-guard action. The question remains as to the sustenance of human quality of life in this evolving milieu.

A Universe that Does Not Know the Time

In this paper, we propose that cosmological time is a quantum observable that does not commute with other quantum operators essential for the definition of cosmological states, notably the cosmological constant. This is inspired by properties of a measure of time—the Chern–Simons time—and the fact that in some theories it appears as a conjugate to the cosmological constant, with the two promoted to non-commuting quantum operators. Thus, the Universe may be “delocalised” in time: it does not know the time, a property which opens up new cosmological scenarios, as well as invalidating several paradoxes, such as the timelike tower of turtles associated with an omnipresent time line. Alternatively, a Universe with a sharply defined clock time must have an indeterminate cosmological constant. The challenge then is to explain how islands of localized time may emerge, and give rise to localized histories. In some scenarios, this is achieved by backward transitions in quantum time, cycling the Universe in something akin to a time machine cycle, with classical flow and quantum ebbing. The emergence of matter in a sea of Lambda probably provides the ballast behind classical behaviour.

Mechanisms for achieving high speed and efficiency in biomolecular machines

How does a biomolecular machine achieve high speed at high efficiency? We explore optimization principles using a simple two-state dynamical model. With this model, we establish physical principles—such as the optimal way to distribute free-energy changes and barriers across the machine cycle—and connect them to biological mechanisms. We find that a machine can achieve high speed without sacrificing efficiency by varying its conformational free energy to directly link the downhill, chemical energy to the uphill, mechanical work and by splitting a large work step into more numerous, smaller substeps. Experimental evidence suggests that these mechanisms are commonly used by biomolecular machines. This model is useful for exploring questions of evolution and optimization in molecular machines.

Discrete-Event Simulation of Ground-Based Timber Harvesting Operations

Operational studies are necessary to support production and management decisions of forest industries. A time study (TS) approach is widely used in timber harvesting operations to understand the performance of individual harvesting machines as well as the entire system. However, several limitations of the TS approach include the use of generalized utilization rates, incapability of capturing interactions among equipment, and model extrapolation in sensitivity analysis. In this study, we demonstrated the use of discrete event simulation (DES) techniques in modeling a ground-based timber harvesting system, and compared the DES results with those of the TS model developed with the same observed data. Although both TS and DES models provided similar estimation results for individual machine cycle times and productivities, the estimated machine utilization rates were somewhat different due to the difference in synthesizing machine processes in each approach. Our sensitivity analysis and model expansion to simulate a hypothetical harvesting system suggest that the DES approach may become an appropriate method for analyzing complex systems especially where interactions among different machine processes are unknown.

Effective design and implementation of specific displacement diagrams to control kinetic sculptures

Electronic cams are used for different manufacturing systems, but in terms of displacement diagrams, they have common characteristics. The emphasis is usually placed on maximum accuracy, minimum machine cycle time and the displacement diagram has a simple shape. This paper addresses a completely different case, which shows that the use of electronic cams is very diverse. An Omron’s electronic cam was used to control kinetic art sculptures. It was necessary to develop an implementation that would be able to accommodate a large number of very long and complex displacement diagrams. Some sculptures contained up to 147 interpolating axes and their programs took up to an hour. The proposal builds on the basic animation and designer’s demands, but it must comply with all the limits of the mechanism (maximum speed, torque, etc.). For this purpose, an independent software tool was developed. The final displacement diagram is composed from polynomial of the 5th order by defining the 0th, 1st, and 2nd derivatives at the key points. This method of design has proved to be very effective, and in addition, this implementation brought a significant saving of memory and reduction of computational complexity.

Allocating dissipation across a molecular machine cycle to maximize flux

Biomolecular machines consume free energy to break symmetry and make directed progress. Nonequilibrium ATP concentrations are the typical free energy source, with one cycle of a molecular machine consuming a certain number of ATP, providing a fixed free energy budget. Since evolution is expected to favor rapid-turnover machines that operate efficiently, we investigate how this free energy budget can be allocated to maximize flux. Unconstrained optimization eliminates intermediate metastable states, indicating that flux is enhanced in molecular machines with fewer states. When maintaining a set number of states, we show that—in contrast to previous findings—the flux-maximizing allocation of dissipation is not even. This result is consistent with the coexistence of both “irreversible” and reversible transitions in molecular machine models that successfully describe experimental data, which suggests that, in evolved machines, different transitions differ significantly in their dissipation.