Locating the special point of hybrid neutron stars

The special point is a feature unique to models of hybrid neutron stars. It represents a location on their mass–radius sequences that is insensitive to the phase transition density. We consider hybrid neutron stars with a core of deconfined quark matter that obeys a constant–sound–speed (CSS) equation of state model and provide a fit formula for the coordinates of the special point as functions of the squared sound speed (cs2) and pressure scale (A) parameters. Using the special point mass as a proxy for the maximum mass of the hybrid stars we derive limits for the CSS model parameters based on the recent NICER constraint on mass and radius of pulsar PSR J0740+6620, 0.36 < Cs min2 < 0.43 and 80 < A[MeV/fm3] < 160. The upper limit for the maximum mass of hybrid stars depends on the upper limit for cs2 so that choosing cs,max2 = 0.6 results in Mmax < 2.7 M⊙, within the mass range of GW190814.

Ultrasound elasticity of diamond at gigapascal pressures

Diamond is the hardest known material in nature and features a wide spectrum of industrial and scientific applications. The key to diamond's outstanding properties is its elasticity, which is associated with its exceptional hardness, shear strength, and incompressibility. Despite many theoretical works, direct measurements of elastic properties are limited to only ∼1.4 kilobar (kb) pressure. Here, we report ultrasonic interferometry measurements of elasticity of void-free diamond powder in a multianvil press from 1 atmosphere up to 12.1 gigapascal (GPa). We obtained high-accuracy bulk modulus of diamond as K0 = 439.2(9) GPa, K0′ = 3.6(1), and shear modulus as G0 = 533(3) GPa, G0′ = 2.3(3), which are consistent with our first-principles simulation. In contrast to the previous experiment of isothermal equation of state, the K0′ obtained in this work is evidently greater, indicating that the diamond is not fully described by the “n-m” Mie–Grüneisen model. The structural and elastic properties measured in this work may provide a robust primary pressure scale in extensive pressure ranges.

The Predictive Influence of Peer Pressure and School Environment on Social Anxiety Disorder Among Adolescents

Social anxiety disorder is the most prevalent and chronic type of anxiety disorder worldwide. It affects the educational and social affairs of adolescents. Adolescents spend a lot of time in school, necessitating a considerable amount of social interaction with peer group and teachers. The present study attempts to find the predictive influence of peer pressure and school environment on social anxiety disorder among adolescents. Data was collected from 500 adolescents studying in government and self-financed schools in Punjab. The sample was drawn from ten randomly selected districts of Punjab state. The data was collected using the social anxiety disorder scale by Nagpal (2018), the Peer pressure scale by Singh and Saini (2010) and the School environment scale by Misra (2012). The findings reveal that social anxiety disorder is negatively related to peer pressure. A significant negative relationship exists between social anxiety disorder and the school environment. It is apparent from the regression model summary that the conjoint effect of peer pressure and school environment on social anxiety disorder among adolescents is higher than their individual effects. It implies that peer pressure and school environment would contribute towards predicting social anxiety disorder both independently and conjointly.

Fitness Blogging as a New Social Practice and Its Implications for Young Women’s Mental Health

Fitness blogging and fitness marathons are becoming a popular social practice, especially among young women. Although these practices are claimed to provide health benefits, in reality they pose serious risks to the participants’ mental wellbeing. The paper focuses on a study aimed at the analysis of the level and factors of mental distress in female fitness blog subscribers, and the dynamics of their emotional wellbeing in the course of fitness marathons. A total of 112 women aged 18 to 35 years old, with a mean age of 23.5 (SD=4.7), participated in the study. All the respondents were Instagram fitness blog subscribers. The following methods were used in the study: Physical perfectionism scale [8]; Situational Inventory of Body-Im- age Dysphoria [14]; Perceived sociocultural pressure scale [3]; Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale [9]; Beck’s Depression Inventory [17]; N.G. Garanyan and A.B. Kholmogorova’s Three-Factor Perfectionism Questionnaire [1]. Received data testify that young women who spent on Instagram over 60 minutes a day differed from those who spent maximum 30 minutes online by significantly higher levels of excessive body standards and body dissatisfaction, and a greater severity of emotional maladjustment symptoms, including suicidal tendencies. The regression analysis showed that physical and general perfectionism as well as social anxiety and depression symptoms had the most significant effect on an increase in body dissatisfaction levels. After completion of a fitness marathon, women had significant increases in body dissatisfaction and emotional problems. Further research is needed to identify targets that would help to prevent the emotional maladjustment which occur as a result of young women’s engagement in fitness blogging.

A Resonant Pressure Microsensor with Temperature Compensation Method Based on Differential Outputs and a Temperature Sensor

This paper presents the analysis and characterization of a resonant pressure microsensor, which employs a temperature compensation method based on differential outputs and a temperature sensor. Leveraging a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, this microsensor mainly consists of a pressure-sensitive diagram and two resonant beams (electromagnetic driving and electromagnetic induction) to produce a differential output. The resonators were vacuum packaged with a silicon-on-glass (SOG) cap using anodic bonding and the wire interconnection was realized by sputtering an Au film on highly topographic surfaces using a hard mask. After the fabrication of the resonant pressure microsensor, systematic experiments demonstrated that the pressure sensitivity of the presented microsensor was about 0.33 kPa/Hz. Utilizing the differential frequency of the two resonators and the signal from a temperature sensor to replace the two-frequency signals by polynomial fitting, the temperature compensation method based on differential outputs aims to increase the surface fitting accuracy of these microsensors which have turnover points. Employing the proposed compensation approach in this study, the errors were less than 0.02% FS of the full pressure scale (a temperature range of −40 to 85 °C and a pressure range of 200 kPa to 2000 kPa).

Turbulent density and pressure fluctuations in the stratified intracluster medium

ABSTRACT Turbulent gas motions are observed in the intracluster medium (ICM). The ICM is density-stratified, with the gas density being highest at the centre of the cluster and decreasing radially outwards. As a result of this, Kolmogorov (homogeneous, isotropic) turbulence theory does not apply to the ICM. The gas motions are instead explained by anisotropic stratified turbulence, with the stratification quantified by the perpendicular Froude number (Fr⊥). These turbulent motions are associated with density and pressure fluctuations, which manifest as perturbations in X-ray surface brightness maps of the ICM and as thermal Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect (SZ) fluctuations, respectively. In order to advance our understanding of the relations between these fluctuations and the turbulent gas velocities, we have conducted 100 high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations of stratified turbulence (2562 × 384–10242 × 1536 resolution elements), in which we scan the parameter space of subsonic rms Mach number ($\mathcal {M}$), Fr⊥, and the ratio of entropy and pressure scale heights (RPS = HP/HS), relevant to the ICM. We develop a new scaling relation between the standard deviation of logarithmic density fluctuations (σs, where s = ln (ρ/$\langle$ρ$\rangle$)), $\mathcal {M}$, and Fr⊥, which covers both the strongly stratified (Fr⊥ ≪ 1) and weakly stratified (Fr⊥ ≫ 1) turbulence regimes: $\sigma _{\rm s}^2=\ln (1+b^2\mathcal {M}^4+0.10/(\mathrm{Fr}_\perp +0.25/\sqrt{\mathrm{Fr}_\perp })^2\mathcal {M}^2R_{\rm PS})$, where b ∼ 1/3 for solenoidal turbulence driving studied here. We further find that logarithmic pressure fluctuations σ(ln P/ &lt; P &gt;) are independent of stratification and scale according to the relation $\sigma _{(\ln {\bar{P}})}^2=\ln (1+b^2\gamma ^2\mathcal {M}^4)$, where $\bar{P}=P/\left\langle P \right\rangle $ and γ is the adiabatic index of the gas. We have tested these scaling relations to be valid over the parameter ranges $\mathcal {M} = 0.01$–0.40, Fr⊥ = 0.04–10.0, and RPS = 0.33–2.33.

First-Principle Studies on the Mechanical and Electronic Properties of AlxNiyZrz (x = 1~3, y = 1~2, z = 1~6) Alloy under Pressure

The elastic and electronic properties of AlxNiyZrz (AlNiZr, Al2NiZr6, AlNi2Zr, and Al5Ni2Zr) under pressure from 0 to 50 GPa have been investigated by using the density function theory (DFT) within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The elastic constants Cij (GPa), Shear modulus G (GPa), Bulk modulus B (GPa), Poisson’s ratio σ, Young’s modulus E (GPa), and the ratio of G/B have been studied under a pressure scale to 50 GPa. The relationship between Young’s modulus of AlxNiyZrz is Al5Ni2Zr > AlNiZr > Al2NiZr6 > AlNi2Zr, which indicates that the relationship between the stiffness of AlxNiyZrz is Al5Ni2Zr > AlNiZr > Al2NiZr6 > AlNi2Zr. The conditions are met at 30 and 50 GPa, respectively. What is more, the G/B ratios for AlNiZr, AlNi2Zr, Al2NiZr6, and Al5Ni2Zr classify these materials as brittle under zero pressure, while with the increasing of the pressure the G/B ratios of AlNiZr, AlNi2Zr, Al2NiZr6, and Al5Ni2Zr all become lower, which indicates that the pressure could enhance the brittle properties of these materials. Poisson’s ratio studies show that AlNiZr, AlNi2Zr, and Al2NiZr6 are all a central force, while Al5Ni2Zr is a non-central force pressure scale to 50 GPa. The energy band structure indicates that they are all metal. The relationship between the electrical conductivity of AlxNiyZrz is Al2NiZr6 > Al5Ni2Zr > AlNi2Zr > AlNiZr. What is more, compared with Al5Ni2Zr, AlNi2Zr has a smaller electron effective mass and larger atom delocalization. By exploring the elastic and electronic properties, they are all used as a superconducting material. However, Al5Ni2Zr is the best of them when used as a superconducting material.

A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE ADEQUACY OF MODERATE BREATHING ON WORRY AMONG LADIES WITH HYPERTENSION IN A CHOSEN VILLAGE IN THIRUVALLUR REGION NEAR CHENNAI CITY

ABSTRACT It is an investigation to evaluate the adequacy of moderate breathing on worry among ladies with hypertension in a chosen village, in Thiruvallur region adjacent to Chennai city. Objective: The principal goal of the investigation was to survey the adequacy of moderate breathing on worry among ladies with hypertension in a chosen town in the Thiruvallur area of Tamil Nadu. Methods: Quasi-trial, one gathering pre- and post-test configuration was utilised in the current investigation. The current examination was done in a chosen town in Tamil Nadu. The sample included 30 ladies with hypertension, those that satisfied the consideration measures. Information was gathered from the members by making use of a self-controlled inquiry to gather the segment of information and an altered apparent pressure scale was used to evaluate the circulatory strain. At that point, 5 minutes of profound breathing activity (6 breaths per each minute in an agreeable position) was allowed twice every day with the immediate oversight for seven days. Results: The outcome demonstrated that pre- and post-test mean contrast was 8 with S.D of 2.20 and paired t value = 3.05, which was found factually noteworthy at p<0.05. Consequently, the score demonstrated that there was critical mean contrast between the pre- and post-test anxiety at p<0.05 level. It was presumed that the moderate breathing has an impact on controlling worry among ladies with hypertension. Keywords: Slow breathing, stress, moderate breathing, hypertension.

Mineral cloud and hydrocarbon haze particles in the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter JWST target WASP-43b

Context. Having a short orbital period and being tidally locked makes WASP-43b an ideal candidate for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) phase curve measurements. Phase curve observations of an entire orbit will enable the mapping of the atmospheric structure across the planet, with different wavelengths of observation allowing different atmospheric depths to be seen. Aims. We provide insight into the details of the clouds that may form on WASP-43b and their impact on the remaining gas phase, in order to prepare the forthcoming interpretation of the JWST and follow-up data. Methods. We follow a hierarchical modelling strategy. We utilise 3D GCM results as input for a kinetic, non-equilibrium model for mineral cloud particles and for a kinetic model to study a photochemically-driven hydrocarbon haze component. Results. Mineral condensation seeds form throughout the atmosphere of WASP-43b. This is in stark contrast to the ultra-hot Jupiters, such as WASP-18b and HAT-P-7b. The dayside is not cloud free but it is loaded with few yet large mineral cloud particles in addition to hydrocarbon haze particles of a comparable abundance. Photochemically driven hydrocarbon haze appears on the dayside, but it does not contribute to the cloud formation on the nightside. The geometrical cloud extension differs across the globe due to the changing thermodynamic conditions. Day and night differ by 6000 km in pressure scale height. As reported for other planets, the C/O is not constant throughout the atmosphere and varies between 0.74 and 0.3. The mean molecular weight is approximately constant in a H2-dominated WASP-43b atmosphere because of the moderate day/night-temperature differences compared to the super-hot Jupiters. Conclusions. WASP-43b is expected to be fully covered in clouds which are not homogeneously distributed throughout the atmosphere. The dayside and the terminator clouds are a combination of mineral particles of locally varying size and composition as well as of hydrocarbon hazes. The optical depth of hydrocarbon hazes is considerably lower than that of mineral cloud particles such that a wavelength-dependent radius measurement of WASP-43b would be determined by the mineral cloud particles but not by hazes.