Efficacy and Safety Testing of a COVID-19 Era Emergency Ventilator in a Healthy Rabbit Lung Model

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic revealed a substantial and unmet need for low-cost, easily accessible mechanical ventilation strategies for use in medical resource-challenged areas. Internationally, several groups developed non-conventional COVID-19 era emergency ventilator strategies as a stopgap measure when conventional ventilators were unavailable. Here, we compared our FALCON emergency ventilator in a rabbit model and compared its safety and functionality to conventional mechanical ventilation. Methods: New Zealand white rabbits (n = 5) received mechanical ventilation from either the FALCON or a conventional mechanical ventilator (Engström CarestationTM) for 1 hour each. Airflow and pressure, blood O2 saturation, end tidal CO2, and arterial blood gas measurements were measured. Additionally, gross and histological lung samples were compared to spontaneously breathing rabbits (n = 3) to assess signs of ventilator induced lung injury.Results: All rabbits were successfully ventilated with the FALCON. At identical ventilator settings, tidal volumes, pressures, and respiratory rates were similar between both ventilators, but the inspiratory to expiratory ratio was lower using the FALCON. End tidal CO2 was significantly higher on the FALCON, and arterial blood gas measurements demonstrated lower arterial partial pressure of O2 at 30 minutes and higher arterial partial pressure of CO2 at 30 and 60 minutes using the FALCON. However, when ventilated at higher respiratory rates, we observed a stepwise decrease in end tidal CO2. Poincaré plot analysis demonstrated small but significant increases in short-term and long-term variation of peak inspiratory pressure generation from the FALCON. Wet to dry lung weight and lung injury scoring between the mechanically ventilated and spontaneously breathing rabbits were similar. Conclusions: Although conventional ventilators are always preferable outside of emergency use, the FALCON ventilator safely and effectively ventilated healthy rabbits without lung injury. Emergency ventilation using accessible and inexpensive strategies like the FALCON may be useful for communities with low access to medical resources and as a backup form of emergency ventilation.

PELATIHAN DAN PEDAMPINGAN PELAKSANAAN BASIC LIFE SUPPORT DI KALANGAN REMAJA

Basic Life Support (BLS) is an action to maintain the patient's life with the first step of rapid recognition to provide emergency ventilation and circulatory support in respiratory or cardiac cases. The quality of basic life support provided for cardiac arrest outside the hospital is often less than optimal and knowledge of basic life support skills in the general public, especially students, is not good. Based on the problems above, we conducted activities related to introduction accompanied by education in the form of basic life support training. The purpose of service activities related to basic life support is to introduce basic life support and improve student skills related to basic life support. The basic life support training service activity on Sunday, September 26, 2021, starting at 08.00-13.00 WIB, was attended by 76 participants consisting of 60 women and 16 men, aged 17-22 years old. Participants who participated in basic life support training as much as 72% had never attended training and 28% had attended training. The average pretest score on basic life support training was 58.77 and the posttest average score was 68.42. So based on the results of the pretest and posttest that have been carried out by the basic life support training participants, there was an increase of 16.41%, with this the service activities that we carried out had increased the knowledge of participants who took part in basic life support training.Bantuan Hidup Dasar atau Basic Life Support/BLS adalah suatu tindakan untuk mempertahankan hidup pasien dengan langkah pertama pengenalan cepat untuk memberikan ventilasi darurat dan dukungan sirkulasi dalam kasus pernapasan atau jantung. Kualitas bantuan hidup dasar yang diberikan pada serangan jantung di luar rumah sakit seringkali kurang optimal serta pengetahuan keterampilan bantuan hidup dasar di masyarakat umum khususnya mahasiwa kurang baik. Berdasarkan permasalahan di atas kami melakukan kegiatan PKM terkait pengenalan disertai edukasi berupa pelatihan bantuan hidup dasar. Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian terkait bantuan hidup dasar adalah memperkenalkan tentang bantuan hidup dasar serta meningkatkan keterampilan mahasiswa terkait bantuan hidup dasar. Kegiatan pengabdian pelatihan bantuan hidup dasar pada hari Minggu tanggal 26 September 2021, dimulai dari pukul 08.00-13.00 WIB, diikuti 76 peserta terdiri dari 60 perempuan dan 16 laki-laki, berusia 17-22 tahun dapat berlangsung dengan baik. Peserta yang mengikuti pelatihan bantuan hidup dasar sebanyak 72 % belum pernah mengikuti pelatihan dan 28 % sudah pernah mengikuti pelatihan. Nilai rata-rata pretest tentang pelatihan bantuan hidup dasar sebesar 58,77 dan Nilai rata-rata posttest-nya adalah 68,42. Maka berdasarkan hasil pretest dan posttest yang telah dikerjakan peserta pelatihan bantuan hidup dasar terjadi peningkatan sebesar 16,41%, dengan ini kegiatan pengabdian yang kami lakukan telah menambah pengetahuan peserta yang mengikuti pelatihan bantuan hidup dasar.

Calculation and Analytical Substantiation of the Limiting Values of Ammonium Nitrate Mass During Storage in the Warehouses and Terminals

On the basis of theory of stationary thermal explosion of A.D. Frank-Kamenetsky, depending on the temperature of the critical size of the ammonium nitrate embankment, the calculations were performed, which show that it can be stored in the large volumes at the temperatures up to 30 °C. On the contrary, at the temperatures above 100 °C (for example, at 200 °C), the decomposition of nitrate occurs with acceleration and can lead to an explosion. Based on the studies performed, it is shown that the changes and additions to the fire safety requirements for ammonium nitrate storage in the buildings and structures should be determined by the requirements for fire resistance of buildings (at least II degree of fire resistance), for the purity of the product and its packaging, for the exclusion of contacts with organic substances and materials, storage conditions. Additional fire safety requirements were developed for inclusion in the normative document regarding ammonium nitrate storage. Ammonium nitrate is allowed to be stored in one-story warehouse buildings of at least II degree of fire resistance, structural fire hazard class C0. The floor area within the fire compartment should not exceed 10 500 m2. Between the fire-fighting walls of the 1st type, it is allowed to store no more than 25 000 tons of nitrite in bulk or in the special bags, as well as in the soft specialized containers for bulk products in accordance with GOST 2—2013.The conditions for placing ammonium nitrate in the stacks should be accepted in accordance with the requirements of SP 92.13330.2012. Temperature in the storage room of ammonium nitrate should not exceed 30 °C with a relative humidity of not more than 60 %. Warehouses for storing ammonium nitrate should be equipped with general exchange supply and exhaust and (or) emergency ventilation, in order to exclude the formation of a fire and explosion hazardous environment in the room during the decomposition of ammonium nitrate. Warehouses for storing ammonium nitrate in an amount of not more than 5 thousand tons may be separated from other premises, including from the warehouses for fertilizers and pesticides, by solid (without openings) type 2 fire walls.

EMERGENCY VENTILATION OF CLEAN ROOMS

Statement of the problem. In modern industry, clean room technology is commonly used to monitor the state of the air. The use of toxic gases in clean rooms might result in emergencies that call for emergency ventilation. In order to calculate the emergency air exchange, it is necessary to design a model of emergency air exchange considering a significant number of influencing factors. Results. The model of emergency air exchange for a clean room is developed based on the equation of material balance on the harmful gas allocated from the equipment in case of an emergency. The solution of the model of the emergency air exchange for a clean room is obtained allowing the concentrations of harmful gas to be calculated depending on a specific emergency. The properties of the resulting solution are investigated. The concept of accumulating capacity of the ventilated room is introduced and the influence of accumulating capacity on change of concentrations of harmful gas is evaluated.Conclusions. The performed calculations allow one to understand the processes of development of an emergency situation in a clean room more profoundly and to allow for these risks while designing emergency ventilation of clean rooms.

Emergency Ventilation of Clean Rooms

Постановка задачи. В современной промышленности для обеспечения контроля за состоянием воздушной среды часто используют технологии чистых помещений. Использование токсичных газов в чистых помещениях может приводить к аварийным ситуациям, для ликвидации которых необходима аварийная вентиляция. Для расчета аварийного воздухообмена необходимо создание модели аварийного воздухообмена, учитывающей значительное количество влияющих факторов. Результаты. Модель аварийного воздухообмена для чистого помещения разработана на основе уравнения материального баланса по вредному газу, выделяющемуся из оборудования при возникновении аварийной ситуации. Получено решение модели аварийного воздухообмена для чистого помещения, позволяющее рассчитать концентрации вредного газа в зависимости от расчетной аварийной ситуации. Исследованы свойства полученного решения. Введено понятие аккумулирующей способности вентилируемого помещения и оценено влияние аккумулирующей способности на изменение концентраций вредного газа. Выводы. Выполненные расчеты позволяет глубже понять процессы развития аварийной ситуации в чистом помещении и учесть эти риски при проектировании аварийной вентиляции чистых помещений. Statement of the problem. In modern industry, clean room technology is commonly used to monitor the state of the air. The use of toxic gases in clean rooms might result in emergencies that call for emergency ventilation. In order to calculate the emergency air exchange, it is necessary to design a model of emergency air exchange considering a significant number of influencing factors. Results. The model of emergency air exchange for a clean room is developed based on the equation of material balance on the harmful gas allocated from the equipment in case of an emergency. The solution of the model of the emergency air exchange for a clean room is obtained allowing the concentrations of harmful gas to be calculated depending on a specific emergency. The properties of the resulting solution are investigated. The concept of accumulating capacity of the ventilated room is introduced and the influence of accumulating capacity on change of concentrations of harmful gas is evaluated. Conclusions. The performed calculations allow one to understand the processes of development of an emergency situation in a clean room more profoundly and to allow for these risks while designing emergency ventilation of clean rooms.

Hybrid emergency ventilation system for controlling inhaled contaminant dose in the case of chemical leakage

In factories where high-risk chemical pollutants are treated, it is essential to anticipate response measures in the event of chemical pollutant leakage to minimize adverse health effects on workers. When high-risk liquid chemical pollutants are assumed to be leaked inside enclosed spaces, it becomes crucial to predict the non-uniform concentration distributions in enclosed spaces and evaluate the health impacts and risks of short-time exposure to prevent large-scale accidents. Therefore, we have developed an emergency ventilation system for controlling the inhaled contaminant dose of factory workers. In this study, assuming a worst-case scenario liquid chemical pollutant leak in an enclosed factory space, the advantages and performance of a hybrid ventilation system that combines displacement and push–pull type ventilation systems were numerically investigated. Installation of wall materials that facilitate photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) reactions for background passive concentration control was also discussed. Based on the demonstrative numerical analyses for a realistic factory space, push–pull type ventilation system was confirmed to effectively suppress chemical pollutant diffusion in enclosed spaces with a low ventilation rate. Wall materials with the PCO mechanism had a certain contribution to the control of peak concentration.

ANALIZE OF FATAL FIRES IN ROAD TUNNELS AND MEASURES OF ITS PREVENTING

In this work are reviewed examples of accidents during fire in short worldwide tunnels. There is mentioned that nowadays, in short tunnels it is not recommended construction of mechanical ventilation, in according to the standards of developed countries. Notwithstanding of these recommendations, it is shown in this work, that for short tunnels the risk of fire is great and results of fire would be unsafe. Offered the measures of fire prevention in the short tunnels, among which should be noted: modernization of infrastructure of tunnels; its equipment with emergency ventilation and with instrumentation; staff training and lifeguard; training of the emergency ventilation operational procedures to assist in the evacuation or rescue, or both, of motorists from the tunnel; In all cases, the desired goal shall be to provide an evacuation path for motorists who are exiting from the tunnel and to facilitate fire-fighting operations; entering of schedules for large and dangerous cargo; Information support and popularization of given questions. In this work testing, training and education are considered as tools to improve the safety and security of underground short tunnels.