Vaccine Ingredients: Components that Influence Vaccine Efficacy

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Kocourkova ◽  
Jan Honegr ◽  
Kamil Kuca ◽  
Jana Danova
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Antigenic Material

Vaccination is defined as the administration of an antigenic material in order to stimulate the immune system, leading to the development of adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines can prevent or reduce morbidity from a vast number of infections. This manuscript presents an analysis of vaccine types and vaccine substances, concentrating on individual components including the active ingredient, adjuvants, preservatives, stabilizers, inactivators, antibiotics, diluents and other substances. While many papers have been published on individual vaccine components, this review provides detail on a wide range of the most commonly-used vaccine ingredients and components that have been tested in clinical trials.

scholarly journals The Kynurenine Pathway—New Linkage between Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Autoimmune Endocrinopathies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9879
Author(s):  
Anna Krupa ◽  
Irina Kowalska
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Autoimmune And Inflammatory Diseases

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is highly regulated in the immune system, where it promotes immunosuppression in response to infection or inflammation. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), the main enzyme of KP, has a broad spectrum of activity on immune cells regulation, controlling the balance between stimulation and suppression of the immune system at sites of local inflammation, relevant to a wide range of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Various autoimmune diseases, among them endocrinopathies, have been identified to date, but despite significant progress in their diagnosis and treatment, they are still associated with significant complications, morbidity, and mortality. The precise cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to the onset and development of autoimmune disease remain poorly clarified so far. In breaking of tolerance, the cells of the innate immunity provide a decisive microenvironment that regulates immune cells’ differentiation, leading to activation of adaptive immunity. The current review provided a comprehensive presentation of the known role of IDO1 and KP activation in the regulation of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Significant attention has been paid to the immunoregulatory role of IDO1 in the most prevalent, organ-specific autoimmune endocrinopathies—type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and autoimmune thyroiditis.

Clinically relevant and simple immune system measure is related to symptom burden in bipolar disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 297-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole Köhler-Forsberg ◽  
Louisa Sylvia ◽  
Thilo Deckersbach ◽  
Michael Joshua Ostacher ◽  
Melvin McInnis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Lithium Treatment ◽  
Symptom Burden ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Symptoms

ObjectiveImmunological theories, particularly the sickness syndrome theory, may explain psychopathology in mood disorders. However, no clinical trials have investigated the association between overall immune system markers with a wide range of specific symptoms including potential gender differences.MethodsWe included two similar clinical trials, the lithium treatment moderate-dose use study and clinical and health outcomes initiatives in comparative effectiveness for bipolar disorder study, enrolling 765 participants with bipolar disorder. At study entry, white blood cell (WBC) count was measured and psychopathology assessed with the Montgomery and Aasberg depression rating scale (MADRS). We performed analysis of variance and linear regression analyses to investigate the relationship between the deviation from the median WBC, and multinomial regression analysis between different WBC levels. All analyses were performed gender-specific and adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, race, and somatic diseases.ResultsThe overall MADRS score increased significantly for each 1.0×109/l deviation from the median WBC among 322 men (coefficient=1.10; 95% CI=0.32–1.89; p=0.006), but not among 443 women (coefficient=0.56; 95% CI=−0.19–1.31; p=0.14). Among men, WBC deviations were associated with increased severity of sadness, inner tension, reduced sleep, reduced appetite, concentration difficulties, inability to feel, and suicidal thoughts. Among women, WBC deviations were associated with increased severity of reduced appetite, concentration difficulties, lassitude, inability to feel, and pessimistic thoughts. Both higher and lower WBC levels were associated with increased severity of several specific symptoms.ConclusionImmune system alterations were associated with increased severity of specific mood symptoms, particularly among men. Our results support the sickness syndrome theory, but furthermore emphasise the relevance to study immune suppression in bipolar disorder. Due to the explorative nature and cross-sectional design, future studies need to confirm these findings.

scholarly journals PD-L1 as a Potential Target in Cancer Therapy (Review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
N. N. Andrusova ◽  
M. A. Kolganova ◽  
A. V. Aleshina ◽  
I. E. Shohin
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Death Receptor ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
High Level

Introduction. Cancer is one of the most serious and common diseases with a high level of mortality. Due to this reason the searching of new directions and methods of cancer treatment is becoming more and more important with each passing year. Significant advances in cancer immunotherapy have been reached over the past few decades. Moreover, an inhibition of the interaction between the programmed cell death receptor (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), is sure to be perspective direction of the immuno-oncological therapy development.Text. PD-1/PD-L1 interaction plays a pivotal role in negative regulation of immune system, that protects host’s cells and tissues from the excessive immune response. However, it is also used by tumor cells to avoid the host's immune system. The discovery of this mechanism led to the development of inhibiting PD-1 or PD-L1 agents that enhance anti-tumor immunity. Meanwhile, anti-PD-L1 agents provide less toxicity in comparison with anti-PD-1 agents. FDA currently approved Atesolizumab, Durvalumab, and Avelumab PD-L1 inhibitors for cancer treatment. These agents demonstrated effective response during the clinical trials, however, they are used for a limited number of oncological diseases. In addition, BMS-936559 is a promising agent that had passed the first stage of the clinical trials. Nevertheless, immunotherapy involving PD-L1 inhibitors is closely related to a vast number of severe side effects including immune-mediated effects caused by the inhibition of PD-L1 ligands located on healthy cells. In these terms, the development of new agents deprived of these disadvantages is the reason for further studies.Conclusion. Immunotherapy in cancer uncovers new perspectives in treatment of refractory to standard therapies forms of cancer. And the development of new and improvement of existing PD-L1 blocking agents are of great importance in fighting against tumoral diseases.

scholarly journals Beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria isolated from breast milk

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (S1) ◽  
pp. S96-S100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Lara-Villoslada ◽  
Mónica Olivares ◽  
Saleta Sierra ◽  
Juan Miguel Rodríguez ◽  
Julio Boza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Scientific Support ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bioactive Agents

Breast milk is the best food for the neonate because it provides a unique combination of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and vitamins that ensures the correct growth and development of the infant. In addition, it also contains bioactive compounds responsible for a wide range of beneficial effects such as the promotion of immune system maturation and the protection against infections. Among these bioactive agents, probiotic bacteria have been recently isolated from human milk. The present work reviews the beneficial effects of these bacteria both in animal models and in clinical trials. The promotion of immune system maturation and defence against infections as well as the anti-inflammatory properties are among the main healthy effects of these bacteria. The isolation of probiotic bacteria with beneficial effects for the host provides scientific support for the supplementation of infant formula with these bacteria, in order to advance the pursuit of the main goal of formula: to mimic breast milk and its functional effects as closely as possible.

New Trends in Anti-Cancer Therapy: Combining Conventional Chemotherapeutics with Novel Immunomodulators

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (36) ◽  
pp. 4758-4784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Wilson ◽  
Magdalena Plebanski ◽  
Andrew N. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Tumour Regression ◽  
Cell Trafficking

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and current research has focused on the discovery of novel approaches to effectively treat this disease. Recently, a considerable number of clinical trials have demonstrated the success of immunomodulatory therapies for the treatment of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies can target components of the immune system to either i) agonise co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD137, OX40 and CD40; or ii) inhibit immune checkpoints, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its corresponding ligand PD-L1. Although tumour regression is the outcome for some patients following immunotherapy, many patients still do not respond. Furthermore, chemotherapy has been the standard of care for most cancers, but the immunomodulatory capacity of these drugs has only recently been uncovered. The ability of chemotherapy to modulate the immune system through a variety of mechanisms, including immunogenic cell death (ICD), increased antigen presentation and depletion of regulatory immune cells, highlights the potential for synergism between conventional chemotherapy and novel immunotherapy. In addition, recent pre-clinical trials indicate dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) enzyme inhibition, an enzyme that can regulate immune cell trafficking to the tumour microenvironment, as a novel cancer therapy. The present review focuses on the current immunological approaches for the treatment of cancer, and summarizes clinical trials in the field of immunotherapy as a single treatment and in combination with chemotherapy.

The Immune System Regulation in Sepsis: From Innate to Adaptive

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 799-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Qiu ◽  
Guo-wei Tu ◽  
Min-jie Ju ◽  
Cheng Yang ◽  
Zhe Luo
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune System Regulation

Sepsis, which is a highly heterogeneous syndrome, can result in death as a consequence of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The activation and regulation of the immune system play a key role in the initiation, development and prognosis of sepsis. Due to the different periods of sepsis when the objects investigated were incorporated, clinical trials often exhibit negative or even contrary results. Thus, in this review we aim to sort out the current knowledge in how immune cells play a role during sepsis.

scholarly journals What Is New in the Treatment of Smoldering Multiple Myeloma?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 421
Author(s):  
Niccolo’ Bolli ◽  
Nicola Sgherza ◽  
Paola Curci ◽  
Rita Rizzi ◽  
Vanda Strafella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Early Treatment ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
Plasma Cell Neoplasm ◽  
Smoldering Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Critical Issues

Smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), an asymptomatic plasma cell neoplasm, is currently diagnosed according to the updated IMWG criteria, which reflect an intermediate tumor mass between monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and active MM. However, SMM is a heterogeneous entity and individual case may go from an “MGUS-like” behavior to “early MM” with rapid transformation into symptomatic disease. This wide range of clinical outcomes poses challenges for prognostication and management of individual patients. However, initial studies showed a benefit in terms of progression or even survival for early treatment of high-risk SMM patients. While outside of clinical trials the conventional approach to SMM generally remains that of close observation, these studies raised the question of whether early treatment should be offered in high-risk patients, prompting evaluation of several different therapeutic approaches with different goals. While delay of progression to MM with a non-toxic treatment is clearly achievable by early treatment, a convincing survival benefit still needs to be proven by independent studies. Furthermore, if SMM is to be considered less biologically complex than MM, early treatment may offer the chance of cure that is currently not within reach of any active MM treatment. In this paper, we present updated results of completed or ongoing clinical trials in SMM treatment, highlighting areas of uncertainty and critical issues that will need to be addressed in the near future before the “watch and wait” paradigm in SMM is abandoned in favor of early treatment.

scholarly journals Oncolytic Virotherapy Treatment of Breast Cancer: Barriers and Recent Advances

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1128
Author(s):  
Amy Kwan ◽  
Natalie Winder ◽  
Munitta Muthana
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Oncolytic Virotherapy ◽  
Immunogenic Cell Death ◽  
Tumour Type ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Direct Cell

Oncolytic virotherapy (OV) is an emerging class of immunotherapeutic drugs. Their mechanism of action is two-fold: direct cell lysis and unmasking of the cancer through immunogenic cell death, which allows the immune system to recognize and eradicate tumours. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and is challenging to treat with immunotherapy modalities because it is classically an immunogenically “cold” tumour type. This provides an attractive niche for OV, given viruses have been shown to turn “cold” tumours “hot,” thereby opening a plethora of treatment opportunities. There has been a number of pre-clinical attempts to explore the use of OV in breast cancer; however, these have not led to any meaningful clinical trials. This review considers both the potential and the barriers to OV in breast cancer, namely, the limitations of monotherapy and the scope for combination therapy, improving viral delivery and challenges specific to the breast cancer population (e.g., tumour subtype, menopausal status, age).

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