Absence of Near-Trench Early Triggering during the 2012 Mw 7.2 Indian Ocean Strike-Slip Earthquake: Evidence from One-Day Aftershocks

Dynamic earthquake triggering is a widely accepted mechanism of earthquake interaction, which plays a vital role in seismic hazard estimation, although its efficacy at regional distances is under debate. The 2012 Mw 7.2 Indian Ocean event is one of the first reported events to produce dynamic stress triggering at regional distances using backprojection (BP) techniques. Alternatively, the coherent radiators in BP images can be interpreted as localized water reverberation phases. We present further evidence against near-trench triggering during this event. We collected 24 hr seismic recordings of two nearby stations located near the trench. We adopted a waveform denoising algorithm and detected 125 aftershocks using two regional seismic stations with a minimum magnitude of ML∼2.7 and completeness magnitude of ML∼3.6, whereas none of these aftershocks occurred near the trench. The absence of immediate (within one day) aftershocks near the trench suggest the absence of dynamic triggering during the offshore mainshock.

NAC Transcription Factors ATAF1 and ANAC055 Negatively Regulate Thermomemory in Arabidopsis

Pre-exposing (priming) plants to mild, non-lethal elevated temperature improves their tolerance to a later higher-temperature stress (triggering stimulus), which is of great ecological importance. ‘Thermomemory’ is maintaining this tolerance for an extended period of time. NAM/ATAF1/2/CUC2 (NAC) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) that modulate responses to abiotic stresses, including heat stress (HS). Here, we investigated the potential role of NACs for thermomemory. We determined the expression of 104 Arabidopsis NAC genes after priming and triggering heat stimuli, and found ATAF1 expression is strongly induced right after priming and declines below control levels thereafter during thermorecovery. Knockout mutants of ATAF1 show better thermomemory than wild type, revealing a negative regulatory role. Differential expression analyses of RNA-seq data from ATAF1 overexpressor, ataf1 mutant and wild-type plants after heat priming revealed five genes that might be priming-associated direct targets of ATAF1: AT2G31260 (ATG9), AT2G41640 (GT61), AT3G44990 (XTH31), AT4G27720 and AT3G23540. Based on co-expression analyses applied to the aforementioned RNA-seq profiles, we identified ANAC055 to be transcriptionally co-regulated with ATAF1. Like ataf1, anac055 mutants show improved thermomemory, revealing a potential co-control of both NAC TFs over thermomemory. Our data reveals a core importance of two NAC transcription factors, ATAF1 and ANAC055, for thermomemory.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR PEMICU STRES PADA SISWA SELAMA PEMBELAJARAN DARING

ABSTRACT : STRESS TRIGGERING FACTORS IN STUDENTS DURING ONLINE LEARNING This study aimed to explore the problems experienced by students during online learning that cause stress. This research is focused on senior high school students, where they have a bigger responsibility, that is, they will soon enter university level. This research is a qualitative research involving 50 male (n = 7) and female (n = 43) student informants who attend high school (n = 40), and MA (n = 10) in Tanah Datar District. Informants are asked to fill in open and closed questions related to research topics through an online form (google form). The results of the study found that the triggers for academic stress in Tanah Datar was difficulty in doing assignments, not understanding learning materials, and unstable internet networks and insufficient internet quotas. The efforts made to overcome the existing obstacles are asking for help / asking teachers and friends, and trying to find solutions to any problems that arise. Keyword: Stress, Online Learning, High School Students. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali permasalahan-permasalahan yang dialami oleh siswa selama pembelajaran daring hingga menimbulkan stress. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada siswa-siswi Sekolah Menengah Atas, dimana mereka memiliki tanggungjawab yang lebih besar yaitu mereka akan segera memasuki jenjang perguruan tinggi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan melibatkan 50 informan siswa Laki-Laki (n=7) dan perempuan (n=43) yang bersekolah di SMA (n=40), dan MA (n=10) di Kabupaten Tanah Datar. Informan diminta untuk mengisi pertanyaan terbuka dan tertutup terkait topik penelitian melalui formulir daring (google form). Hasil penelitian menemukan faktor pemicu stres akademik di Kabupaten Tanah Datar ialah karena kesulitan dalam mengerjakan tugas, tidak memahami materi pembelajaran, jaringan internet yang tidak stabil dan kuota internet yang tidak mencukupi. Adapun upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi kendala yang ada ialah meminta bantuan / bertanya kepada guru dan teman, serta berusaha mencari solusi dari setiap masalah yang muncul. Kata kunci: Stres, Belajar Daring, Siswa SMA.

Systematic Investigation of Dynamic Earthquake Triggering in Japan

<p><strong>Introduction. </strong>Previous studies (e.g., Harrington and Brodsky, 2006) documented a relative scarcity of remote triggering in Japan, compared to other seismic regions. For example, in California, dynamic triggering is reported to occur at levels of stress as small as 0.1 kPa, while in Japan it was reported that levels of 30 kPa or more are required to trigger detectable events (van der Elst and Brodsky, 2010). However, the threshold dynamic triggering level following the 2016 M7.3 Kumamoto earthquake was of just a few kPa (Enescu et al., 2016). Enescu et al. (2016) proposed that one of the possibilities to explain this observation is a change of stress triggering threshold that may have taken place after the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake.</p><p><strong>Motivation.</strong> Given the above observations, this study investigates 1) the occurrence of dynamically triggered earthquakes in Japan after some large earthquakes from 2004, and 2) whether the threshold of dynamic triggering may have changed due to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and why this threshold might have changed.</p><p><strong>Analysis and Results.</strong> First, we investigated dynamic triggering throughout Japan, following some large earthquakes occurred after 2004. As a result, the  threshold appears to decrease following the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, however the number of earthquakes we have investigated was relatively small, so we could not draw statistically significant conclusions. In the second part of the study, we have focused on a few specific areas within Japan to systematically investigate dynamic triggering, which reduced significantly the computational costs. Thus, we focused on some areas in Tohoku and Hida, where swarm earthquakes occurred after the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. As a result, the change of the triggering level in an area close to the Yamagata-Fukushima border is considered to be statically significant at a 5% significance level. In other regions, the significance at a 5% level could not be established, however a decrease of this threshold is apparent, except for one region. We speculate that changes in the stress triggering threshold levels might be related to pore pressure changes in the crust following the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake.</p>

Retraction Note to: Hericium erinaceus mycelium and its isolated erinacine A protection from MPTP-induced neurotoxicity through the ER stress, triggering an apoptosis cascade

This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-016-0831-y.

Foreshocks of the 2018 ML 4.0 Shimian Earthquake in the Anninghe Fault and Its Implications for Earthquake Nucleation

Foreshock activity sometimes precedes large earthquakes, but how foreshocks relate to mainshock nucleation is still unclear with limited case studies existing. One way to further the understanding of the foreshock occurrence mechanism is to maximize the resolution of the foreshock characteristics by waveform-based earthquake detection and location. Here, we apply the match and locate method to scan continuous waveforms 30 days before and 44 days after the 2018 ML 4.0 Shimian earthquake in Sichuan, China, and obtain approximately three times more events than reported in a local catalog. The augmented seismicity suggests the existence of a blind small strike-slip fault deep in the east of the Anninghe fault. Forty-one foreshocks of magnitude ranging from ML−0.7 to 3.4 occurred within 4 hr before the mainshock and did not show an accelerating pattern leading up to the mainshock. Focal mechanisms are consistent between the mainshock and foreshocks, implying that the mainshock and foreshock hypocenters are located on the same fault plane. The high-precision relative locations reveal that most of the foreshocks rupture adjacent source patches along the fault plane, with little or partial overlap, which is consistent with cascade stress triggering from foreshocks to foreshocks to the mainshock. Our research is one of the few to focus on the foreshock sequence of moderate mainshocks and provides a new case for studying the mechanism of foreshocks of intraplate earthquakes with a low incidence of foreshocks.

Role of Autophagy in Cancer Cell Response to Nucleolar and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Eukaryotic cells are exposed to many internal and external stimuli that affect their fate. In particular, the exposure to some of these stimuli induces stress triggering a variety of stress responses aimed to re-establish cellular homeostasis. It is now established that the deregulation of stress response pathways plays a central role in cancer initiation and progression, allowing the adaptation of cells to an altered state in the new environment. Autophagy is a tightly regulated pathway which exerts “housekeeping” role in physiological processes. Recently, a growing amount of evidence highlighted the crucial role of autophagy in the regulation of integrated stress responses, including nucleolar and endoplasmic reticulum. In this review, we attempt to afford an overview of the complex role of nucleolar and endoplasmic reticulum stress-response mechanisms in the regulation of autophagy in cancer and cancer treatment.

IMMUNOLOGICAL BLOOD ANALYSIS AS A DIAGNOSTIC FACTOR OF PSYCHOEMOTIONAL STRESS AT A DENTAL APPOINTMENT

With the development in dentistry of dental implants is growing steadily and the number postprostatectomy complications, manifested periimplantation mucositis and dental periimplantitis. If the phenomena of mucositis are reversible, then the destruction of bone tissue around the dental implant is impossible to restore the integrity of the bone. An important diagnostic criterion is early diagnosis by a dentist of initial changes in periimplant tissue of inflammatory origin. Stress is a factor in the development of postprotetic complications. In this paper, based on the immunological parameters of blood, the factors responsible for the development of a stress-triggering reaction are determined. Based on the General and biochemical blood analysis, indicators were determined that allow assessing the stress situation in the study groups (cortisol concentration, alkaline phosphatase, Garkavi index, epinephrine, noradrenaline) in patients with postprotetic complications in the near and long-term follow-up and treatment. Proven change of immunological indices on the background of psychoemotional stress in patients with postprostatectomy complications

Evaluation of post-operative pain and stress in dogs after elective ovariohysterectomy under hospitalization

Surgical procedures in pet animals are usually associated with some degree of stress and pain. Hospitalization is one stress-triggering factor. The present study aimed to evaluate the degree of stress and pain during hospitalization of female dogs submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and to investigate the influence of hospitalization on the stress of these animals. Fifteen young adult crossbreed female dogs were divided into two groups: eight animals without surgery (Group 1 - control) and seven animals submitted to surgery (Group 2 - OVH). Pain and stress were evaluated. Visual analogue scale (VAS), simple descriptive pain scale (SDS) and modified Glasgow pain scale (MGPS) were used. Serum cortisol (μg/dL) and glucose (mg/dl) were also measured. No statistical difference was observed for cortisol (μg/dL) between the two groups. Despite the absence of statistical difference between groups and times, mean serum cortisol (μg/dL) values exceeded the normal values for the canine species at various times evaluated. Hyperglycemia was only observed at T4 in the OVH group. It was concluded that the hospitalization of animals was more relevant in the establishment of stress than the surgical procedure and associated pain. The influence of stress was a relevant factor in the results of assessments carried out using the MGPS.

ER stress and autophagy induced by SARS-CoV-2: The targets for melatonin treatment

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a viral disease caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Like other coronaviral infections, SARS-CoV-2 causes oxidative and ER stress triggering cellular response pathways, mainly PERK and IRE1 branches of the UPR. This excessive oxidative stress and the increasing of unfolded and misfolded proteins induce autophagy. Once this process is triggered, the blockage of the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes induced by virus leads to an incomplete autophagy. Double-membraned vesicles, which create a membranous support for viral RNA replication complexes, are formed. Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule, which reduces oxidative and ER stress, regulates immune system, and modulates autophagy pathway. Thus, melatonin reinforces UPR and unlocks autophagy blockage, allowing autophagosomes to bind to lysosomes, completing the process of autophagy and decreasing viral replication capacity. Based on these activities of melatonin the recommendation of melatonin for patients with COVID-19 should be seriously considered, especially in elderlies and patients with different comorbidities, which are the highest risk population for serious cases.