scholarly journals ИДЕАЛЫ ТЕЛЕСНОЙ КРАСОТЫ И ВРЕМЕНАЯ ДИНАМИКА СОМАТИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ МОЛОДЕЖИ

2021 ◽  
pp. 161-182
Author(s):  
А.А. Хафизова
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Body Development ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Total Fat

В статье представлены результаты исследования временной динамики некоторых соматических показателей московских юношей и девушек в начале XXI в. Использованы материалы антропометрического обследования студентов первого курса МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова 2000–2019 гг. Для изучения временной изменчивости отдельных компонентов телосложения была использована конституциональная схема В.Е. Дерябина, основанная на применении факторного анализа. Выявлена отчётливая тенденция к увеличению макросомности телосложения молодёжи: рост средних значений ИМТ, показателей общего развития скелета и поперечного развития тела. Мышечная и жировая масса изменялись на протяжении рассматриваемого двадцатилетнего периода времени нелинейно. Для обоих полов наблюдается увеличение показателей развития общего жироотложения вплоть до середины 2010-х гг. на фоне снижения показателей развития мускулатуры. В последние годы наблюдается обратная тенденция увеличения мышечной массы при одновременном уменьшении жировой. Возможной причиной обнаруженных временных изменений может выступать социокультурный контекст, а именно формирование во втором десятилетии XXI в. нового стандарта телесной красоты – стройного тела, с развитой мускулатурой. Результаты настоящего исследования могут представлять интерес для изучения механизмов биосоциальной адаптации современного населения. The article presents the results of the study of temporal dynamics of some somatic characteristics of Moscow young males and females at the beginning of the 21st century. The study is based on the anthropometric examination of the MSU first-year students carried out in 2000-2019. The Deryabin’s constitutional scheme based on factor analysis was used to investigate temporal variability of different components of body composition. The clear tendency towards macrosomia was revealed in young males and females, as evidenced by increments in the average BMI values, indicators of the general skeletal development, and transversal body development. During the studied period muscle and fat mass had been changing non-linearly. For both sex groups, an increase in the total fat mass was observed with a decrease in the muscular development until the mid-2010s. In recent years there has been a reverse trend towards an increase in muscularity with a simultaneous decline in fat mass. The 21st century sociocultural standards of a beautiful body (slender and muscular at the same time) could be a possible reason for the observed temporal trends. The results of this research can be used in the studies of the mechanisms of biosocial adaptation in modern populations.

scholarly journals Associations Between Tenofovir Diphosphate in Dried Blood Spots, Impaired Physical Function, and Fracture Risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Abdo ◽  
Ryan P Coyle ◽  
Sharon M Seifert ◽  
Jose R Castillo-Mancilla ◽  
Catherine M Jankowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Risk ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Blood Spots ◽  
Hip Bmd ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Tenofovir Diphosphate

Abstract Background In this study, we evaluate associations between cumulative antiretroviral adherence/exposure, quantified using tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) in dried blood spots (DBS), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related aging factors. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of younger (ages 18–35) and older (ages ≥60) persons with HIV (PWH) taking TFV disoproxil fumarate. Tenofovir diphosphate concentrations were quantified in DBS. Linear and logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between TFV-DP and bone mineral density (BMD), physical function, frailty, and falls. Results Forty-five PWH were enrolled (23 younger, 22 older). Every 500 fmol/punch (equivalent to an increase in ~2 doses/week) increase in TFV-DP was associated with decreased hip BMD (−0.021 g/cm2; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.040 to −0.002; P = .03). Adjusting for total fat mass, every 500 fmol/punch increase in TFV-DP was associated with higher odds of Short Physical Performance Battery impairment (score ≤10; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0–2.5; P = .04). Every 500 fmol/punch increase in TFV-DP was associated with slower 400-meter walk time (14.8 seconds; 95% CI, 3.8–25.8; P = .01) and remained significant after adjusting for age, lean body mass, body mass index (BMI), and fat mass (all P ≤ .01). Every 500 fmol/punch increase in TFV-DP was associated with higher odds of reporting a fall in the prior 6 months (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1–2.8; P = .02); this remained significant after adjusting for age, lean body mass, BMI, and total fat mass (all P < .05). Conclusions Higher TFV-DP levels were associated with lower hip BMD, poorer physical function, and greater risk for falls, a concerning combination for increased fracture risk.

Relationship between Visceral Fat and PAI-1 in Overweight Men and Women before and after Weight Loss

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1490-1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kockx ◽  
R. Leenen ◽  
J. Seidell ◽  
H. M. G. Princen ◽  
T. Kooistra
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Pai 1

SummaryThis study was aimed at evaluating the relationship between visceral fat accumulation and plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels in healthy, obese men and women undergoing weight loss therapy. The subjects, 25 men and 25 premenopausal women, aged between 26 and 49 years, with an initial body mass index between 28 and 38 kg/m2, received a controlled diet for 13 weeks providing a 4.2 MJ/day energy deficit. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat. Our results show that before weight loss visceral fat was significantly correlated with PAI-1 in men (r = 0.45; p <0.05), but not in women (r = -0.15; ns). The association between visceral fat and PAI-1 in men remained significant after adjustment for age and total fat mass, and multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant independent contribution of visceral fat to plasma PAI-1 levels. Both visceral fat areas and PAI-1 levels decreased significantly with weight loss in both men and women. Changes in visceral fat area were related to changes in PAI-1 in women (r = -0.43; p = 0.05) but not in men (r = -0.01; ns); however, this association in women disappeared after adjustment for total fat mass. We conclude that there is a relationship between visceral fat and PAI-1 in obese men but not in obese women, and that PAI-1 levels decrease substantially (52%) by weight loss, but this change is not related to changes in visceral fat mass per se.

Dispersal patterns in a regional koala population in south-east Queensland

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Dique ◽  
Jim Thompson ◽  
Harriet J. Preece ◽  
Deidré L. de Villiers ◽  
Frank N. Carrick
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The Social ◽  
Straight Line Distance ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Natal Home

Koala dispersal was investigated as part of a detailed ecological study of a nationally significant koala population located 20 km south-east of Brisbane, Queensland. From 1996 to 2000, 195 koalas from three sites were captured and fitted with radio-collars. A total of 40 koalas (23 males and 17 females) dispersed from these sites. Most (93%) dispersing individuals were 20–36 months of age. Three adult females (more than 36 months old) dispersed and no adult males dispersed during the study. A significantly higher proportion of young males dispersed than females. Dispersal occurred between June and December, with most dispersal of males commencing in July and August and that of females commencing between September and November prior to, and early in, the annual breeding season. The mean straight-line distance between the natal and breeding home ranges for males and females was similar and was measured at 3.5 km (range 1.1–9.7 km) and 3.4 km (range 0.3–10.6 km) respectively. Dispersing males and females tended to successfully disperse south and west of their natal home ranges and were generally unable to successfully disperse to urban areas within the study area, as a high proportion of the mortality of dispersing koalas was associated with attacks by domestic dogs and with collisions with vehicles on roads. Information from other studies indicates that most young koalas disperse from their natal areas. It is likely that the social behaviour and mating systems of koala populations provide mechanisms for young koalas to disperse. The potential role of dispersal in the dynamics of regional koala populations is discussed.

scholarly journals Colorectal Cancer in Lebanon: Incidence, Temporal Trends, and Comparison to Regional and Western Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 107327482199686
Author(s):  
Najla A. Lakkis ◽  
Ola El-Kibbi ◽  
Mona H. Osman
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
P Value ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Incidence ◽  
Males And Females

Global trends in the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer show a steady increase with significant predilection to western developed countries, possibly linking it to westernized lifestyles among other risk factors. This study aims to investigate the incidence and trends of colorectal cancer in Lebanon, a country in the Middle East and North Africa region, and to compare these rates to those in regional and western countries. Colorectal cancer incidence data were extracted from the Lebanese National Cancer Registry for the currently available years 2005 to 2016. The calculated age-standardized incidence rates and age-specific rates were expressed as per 100,000 population. The age-standardized incidence rates of colorectal cancer in Lebanon increased from 16.3 and 13.0 per 100,000 in 2005 to 23.2 and 20.2 per 100,000 in 2016, among males and females, respectively. The incidences were higher for males, and they increased with age. The annual percent change was +4.36% and +4.45%, in males and females respectively (p-value < 0.05). There was a non-statistically significant trend of decrease in recent years (since 2012 in males and since 2011 in females). The age-standardized incidence rates in Lebanon were higher than those in the majority of the regional countries, but lower than the rates in developed western countries. There were high age-specific incidence rates at age groups 40-44 and 45-49 years in Lebanon in both males and females (with significant rising temporal trend) compared to other countries, including the ones reported to have the highest colorectal cancer age-standardized incidence rate worldwide. Therefore, the burden of colorectal cancer is significant in Lebanon. This raises the necessity to develop national strategies tailored to reduce colorectal cancer incidence through promoting healthy lifestyles, raising awareness, and early detection as of 40 years of age.

scholarly journals Testosterone therapy decreases subcutaneous fat and adiponectin in aging men

2012 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Frederiksen ◽  
K Højlund ◽  
D M Hougaard ◽  
T H Mosbech ◽  
R Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Testosterone Therapy ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Bioavailable Testosterone ◽  
Aging Men ◽  
Total Fat

ObjectiveTestosterone therapy increases lean body mass and decreases total fat mass in aging men with low normal testosterone levels. The major challenge is, however, to determine whether the metabolic consequences of testosterone therapy are overall positive. We have previously reported that 6-month testosterone therapy did not improve insulin sensitivity. We investigated the effect of testosterone therapy on regional body fat distribution and on the levels of the insulin-sensitizing adipokine, adiponectin, in aging men with low normal bioavailable testosterone levels.DesignA randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study on 6-month testosterone treatment (gel) in 38 men, aged 60–78 years, with bioavailable testosterone <7.3 nmol/l, and a waist circumference >94 cm.MethodsCentral fat mass (CFM) and lower extremity fat mass (LEFM) were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and thigh subcutaneous fat area (TFA) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Adiponectin levels were measured using an in-house immunofluorometric assay. Coefficients (b) represent the placebo-controlled mean effect of intervention.ResultsLEFM was decreased (b=−0.47 kg, P=0.07) while CFM did not change significantly (b=−0.66 kg, P=0.10) during testosterone therapy. SAT (b=−3.0%, P=0.018) and TFA (b=−3.0%, P<0.001) decreased, while VAT (b=1.0%, P=0.54) remained unchanged. Adiponectin levels decreased during testosterone therapy (b=−1.3 mg/l, P=0.001).ConclusionTestosterone therapy decreased subcutaneous fat on the abdomen and lower extremities, but visceral fat was unchanged. Moreover, adiponectin levels were significantly decreased during testosterone therapy.

scholarly journals Evidence of Pleiotropic Loci for Fasting Insulin, Total Fat Mass, and Abdominal Visceral Fat in a Sedentary Population: The HERITAGE Family Study

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuling Hong ◽  
Jean-Pierre Després ◽  
Treva Rice ◽  
André Nadeau ◽  
Michael A. Province ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Family Study ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Sedentary Population ◽  
Abdominal Visceral Fat ◽  
Total Fat

scholarly journals Acute fat loss does not affect bone mass

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie K. Lagerquist ◽  
Karin L. Gustafsson ◽  
Petra Henning ◽  
Helen Farman ◽  
Jianyao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
High Bone Mass ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Old Mice

AbstractObesity has previously been thought to protect bone since high body weight and body mass index are associated with high bone mass. However, some more recent studies suggest that increased adiposity negatively impacts bone mass. Here, we aimed to test whether acute loss of adipose tissue, via adipocyte apoptosis, alters bone mass in age-related obese mice. Adipocyte apoptosis was induced in obese male FAT-ATTAC mice through AP20187 dimerizer-mediated activation of caspase 8 selectively in adipocytes. In a short-term experiment, dimerizer was administered to 5.5 month-old mice that were terminated 2 weeks later. At termination, the total fat mass weighed 58% less in dimerizer-treated mice compared with vehicle-treated controls, but bone mass did not differ. To allow for the detection of long-term effects, we used 9-month-old mice that were terminated six weeks after dimerizer administration. In this experiment, the total fat mass weighed less (− 68%) in the dimerizer-treated mice than in the controls, yet neither bone mass nor biomechanical properties differed between groups. Our findings show that adipose tissue loss, despite the reduced mechanical loading, does not affect bone in age-related obese mice. Future studies are needed to test whether adipose tissue loss is beneficial during more severe obesity.

Abstract P297: Reduced Fat Mass and Improved Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Black Women after Completion of 6-month Worksite Weight Loss Program

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M Leon ◽  
Bernard V Miller ◽  
Gloria Zalos ◽  
Kong Y Chen ◽  
Anne E Sumner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Total Fat

Background: As the epidemic of obesity in the United States steadily worsens, black women are disproportionately affected. Diminished insulin sensitivity has been linked with obesity and heightened risk of subsequent type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hypothesis: We propose that a decrease in fat mass achievable by weight loss intervention at the worksite improves insulin sensitivity in overweight black women. Methods: Fifty-four overweight black women [age 45±10 years (mean±SD), BMI range 25.9 to 54.7 kg/m 2 ] completed a 6-month program that included web-based nutrition information and/or dietitian counseling and access to exercise rooms near their work areas. All participants were advised to reduce daily caloric intake by 500 kcal and instructed to increase daily activity by 5,000 steps, measured by pedometer, above baseline readings. The following measurements were performed: weight, total fat mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and insulin sensitivity index (S I ) calculated from the minimal model. Repeat of all measurements was performed at 6 months. Results: Baseline S I (median 3.0 liter/mU -1 •min -1 , range 0.74 to 7.58 liter/mU -1 •min -1 , with lower values signifying insulin resistance) was negatively associated with fat mass (r= -0.584, P<0.001) independent of age. Significant reductions in weight (92.6±18.1 to 91.1±18.9 kg, P<0.01) and fat mass (40.8±12.4 to 39.4±12.6 kg, P<0.01) were determined for subjects completing the program. Reduction in fat mass following completion of the program was associated with an increase in S I (r= -0.293, P=0.032). When analyzed by tertiles of fat mass change (Figure), compared to the tertile with net fat mass gain (far left bar), the two tertiles with net fat mass loss had significantly improved insulin sensitivity (higher S I ). Conclusions: Even modest fat mass reduction in overweight non-diabetic black women with a combination of diet and exercise can improve insulin sensitivity, which has the potential to reduce or delay the onset of T2D and CVD.

scholarly journals Testosterone substitution of hypogonadal men prevents the age-dependent increases in body mass index, body fat and leptin seen in healthy ageing men: results of a cross-sectional study

2002 ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Rolf ◽  
S von Eckardstein ◽  
U Koken ◽  
E Nieschlag
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Testosterone Substitution ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Total Fat

INTRODUCTION: In healthy men, body weight and total fat content increase with advancing age, while serum testosterone levels decrease. In order to elucidate whether a causal relationship between these phenomena exists, we investigated the influence of testosterone or human chorionic gonadotrophin substitution on body mass index (BMI), total fat mass and serum leptin in testosterone-treated and untreated hypogonadal patients in comparison with ageing eugonadal men. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, the inter-relationships of body weight, total fat mass, serum sex hormones and leptin were analysed in untreated hypogonadal men (n=24; age 19-65 years), treated hypogonadal men (n=61; age 20-67 years) and healthy eugonadal men (n=60; age 24-78 years). Total fat mass was assessed by bioimpedance measurement. Univariate and multiple linear regression analysis was used to detect possible differences. RESULTS: In eugonadal men, serum testosterone levels decreased with advancing age (correlation coefficients: r=-0.71; P<0.0001), while BMI (r=0.39; P=0.002), total fat content (r=0.51; P<0.0001) and leptin (r=0.48; P<0.0001) increased significantly. In untreated hypogonadal patients, an increase in BMI (r=0.50; P=0.013) and total fat mass (r=0.41; P=0.044) was also observed with advancing age. However, in substituted hypogonadal patients, no age-dependent change in BMI (r=0.067; P=0.606), body fat content (r=-0.083; P=0.522), serum testosterone (r=-0,071; P=0.59) or serum leptin (r=-0.23; P=0.176) was found. CONCLUSION: Since testosterone-substituted older hypogonadal men show BMI and fat mass similar to those of younger eugonadal men and since non-treated hypogonadal men are similar to normal ageing men, testosterone appears to be an important factor contributing to these changes. Thus ageing men should benefit from testosterone substitution as far as body composition is concerned.

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