Review on nanoparticles technology and applications based on drug delivery

This review is about nanocrystal technology and applications of nanocrystals based on drug delivery. Nanocrystal technology is applied to the drug molecules to access for good drug delivery as nano dimensioned carrier. Nanoparticle has at least one dimension smaller than 100 nanometers. The major properties of nanoparticles are increases dissolution velocity by surface area enlargement and increase in saturation solubility. Nanoparticle’s productions are done with different methods such as precipitation method, Milling method, and homogenized method. Nanoparticles has got wide range of applications based on drug delivery such as gastrointestinal tract, brain, tumor cell targeting, respiratory tract, and gene delivery.

Effects of Electroporation on Anticancer Activity of 5-FU and Newly Synthesized zinc(II) Complex in Chemotherapy-resistance Human Brain Tumor Cells

Zn(II) complex of Schiff base derived from the condensation of 4-aminopyrimidine-2(1H)-one with salicylaldehyde was prepared and characterized by various physico‐chemical and spectral methods for structure determination. The cytotoxic activity of the Zn(II) complex was investigated in comparison with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) against two different human brain tumor cell lines (T98G and U118), while primer human dermal fibroblast cells (HDF) was used as control for biocompatibility. Then, the effectiveness of electroporation (EP) on cytotoxic activities of these compounds has been examined. The cytotoxicities of the 5-FU and new Zn(II) complex, alone or in combination with electroporation, were determined by MTT assay. The Zn(II) complex showed good cytotoxicity against T98G and U118 brain tumor cell lines with IC50 = 282.47 and 297.91 μM respectively, while it was safe on HDF healthy cells with IC50 = 826.72 μM. The 5-FU exhibited less cytotoxicity compared to the Zn(II) complex against T98G (IC50 = 382.35 μM) and U118 (IC50 = 396.56 μM) tumor cell lines. The combined application of Zn (II) + EP decreased the IC50 value by 5.96-fold in T98G cells and 4.76-fold in U118 cells. EP showed a similar effect in its combined application with 5-FU, resulting in a decrease of the IC50 value of 4.22-fold in the T98G cells and 3.84-fold in the U118 cells. In a conclusion, the Zn(II) complex exhibited an anticancer potential against both brain tumor cell lines (T98G and U118) and EP greatly increased the cytotoxicity of Zn(II) complex and 5-FU on these chemotherapy-resistant cells.

Effects of Epinephrine on Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Brain Glioblastoma Cancer Cells

Introduction: Gastric cancer is the third cause of death in all malignancies and the fifth most common neoplasm resulting from a combination of specific genetic alteration and environmental factors. Chronic stress can also promote brain tumor cell proliferation and leads to brain metastasis highly resistant to chemotherapy. Catecholamines, norepinephrine, and epinephrine impact neurochemistry and endocrine and immune system functions. The present study investigated the effect of different epinephrine concentrations and β-adrenergic receptor antagonists (propranolol) on proliferation, viability, and adhesion of gastric adenocarcinoma and brain glioblastoma cells.Material and methods: The human gastric cancer AGS cells and glioblastoma, U87 cell lines were obtained from the Iranian Biological Resource Center (Tehran, Iran) and cultured in RPMI-1640 culture medium supplements. The studied cells were categorized into the nine groups following treatment with epinephrine and propranolol. Wound healing assay (proliferation), Adhesion assay, and cell viability were performed on each group. Graph Pad Prism 6 was used for the statistical analysis. Results: Proliferation, Viability, cytotoxicity, and adhesion of both cell lines changed under epinephrine agonism in the presence and absence of propranolol (P value<0.001). Epinephrine enhanced the proliferation of both AGS and U87 cells in physiological concentrations, decreased adhesion and viability, and increased cytotoxicity in pharmacological concentrations.Conclusion: Using a combination of epinephrine and chemotherapy agents in the right stage of developing tumors may have more substantial effects on destroying cancer cells, obtaining the patient's recovery with less repetition of chemotherapy sessions, and curing high-grade cancer tumors.

Silencing ZEB2 Induces Apoptosis and Reduces Viability in Glioblastoma Cell Lines

Background: Glioma is an aggressive type of brain tumor that originated from neuroglia cells, accounts for about 80% of all malignant brain tumors. Glioma aggressiveness has been associated with extreme cell proliferation, invasion of malignant cells, and resistance to chemotherapies. Due to resistance to common therapies, glioma affected patients’ survival has not been remarkably improved. ZEB2 (SIP1) is a critical transcriptional regulator with various functions during embryonic development and wound healing that has abnormal expression in different malignancies, including brain tumors. ZEB2 overexpression in brain tumors is attributed to an unfavorable state of the malignancy. Therefore, we aimed to investigate some functions of ZEB2 in two different glioblastoma U87 and U373 cell lines. Methods: In this study, we investigated the effect of ZEB2 knocking down on the apoptosis, cell cycle, cytotoxicity, scratch test of the two malignant brain tumor cell lines U87 and U373. Besides, we investigated possible proteins and microRNA, SMAD2, SMAD5, and miR-214, which interact with ZEB2 via in situ analysis. Then we evaluated candidate gene expression after ZEB2-specific knocking down. Results: We found that ZEB2 suppression induced apoptosis in U87 and U373 cell lines. Besides, it had cytotoxic effects on both cell lines and reduced cell migration. Cell cycle analysis showed cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and apoptosis induction in U87 and U373 cell lines receptively. Also, we have found that SAMAD2/5 expression was reduced after ZEB2-siRNA transfection and miR-214 upregulated after transfection. Conclusions: In line with previous investigations, our results indicated a critical oncogenic role for ZEB2 overexpression in brain glioma tumors. These properties make ZEB2 an essential molecule for further studies in the treatment of glioma cancer.

Chemical Hybridization of Sulfasalazine and Dihydroartemisinin Promotes Brain Tumor Cell Death

Gliomas are primary brain tumors with still poor prognosis for the patients despite a combination of cytoreduction via surgery followed by a radio-chemotherapy. One strategy to find effective treatment is to combine two different compounds to add or at best potentiate their impact on malignant cells. Here, we report on the effects of a newly synthesized covalently bound hybrid of sulfasalazine (SAS) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) called AC254. In previous studies both SAS and DHA have already proved to have anti-tumor properties themselves and to have sensitizing respectively potentiating effects on other treatments against malignant tumors. We investigated the impact of sole SAS and DHA, their 1:1 combination and as a chemical linked hybrid (AC254) on rodent and human glioma cells. In our study SAS showed no or only a mild effect on glioma whereas DHA led to a significant reduction of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Next we compared the efficacy of the hybrid AC254 to the combinational treatment of its parent compounds SAS and DHA. The hybrid was highly efficient in combating glioma cells compared to single treatment strategies regarding cell viability and cell death. Interestingly, AC254 showed a remarkable advantage over the combinatorial treatment of both parent substances in most used concentrations. In addition to its reduction in cell viability and induction of cell death the hybrid AC254 displayed changes in cell cycle and reduction of cell migration. Taken together, these results demonstrate that clinically established compounds as SAS and DHA can be potentiated in their anti-cancer effects by chemical hybridization. Thus, this concept provides the opportunity to provide new chemotherapeutic drugs.

An Implementation Of Statistical Feature Algorithms For The Detection Of Brain Tumor

A member of a population who is at risk of becoming infected by disease is a susceptible individual. Finding disease susceptibility and generating an alert in advance, is valuable for an individual. The aim of the work presented a feature vector using different statistical texture analyses of brain tumors from an MRI image. The statistical feature texture is computed using GLCM (Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrices) of brain tumor cell structure. For this paper, the brain tumor cell segmented using the strip method to implement hybrid Assured Convergence Particle Swarm Optimization (ACPSO) - Fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM). Furthermore, the four angles 0o, 45o, 90o, and 135o have calculated the segmented brain image in GLCM. The four angular directions are calculated using texture features are correlation, energy, contrast and homogeneity. The texture analysis is performed on different types of images using past years. So, the algorithm proposed statistical texture features are calculated for iterative image segmentation. The algorithm FETC (Feature Extraction Tumor Cell) extracts statistical features of GLCM. These results show that MRI images can be implemented in a system of brain cancer detection.