A GREEN METHOD FOR THE REMOVAL OF ZINC(II) IONS FROM WASTEWATER USING MODIFED BIOPOLYMERS

Zinc pollution in wastewater is a global problem because it is highly toxic. Zinc is commonly used in industries that transfer the water containing zinc directly into water sources, leading to pollution. Exposure to a high level of zinc causes major health problems. This study evaluated the adsorption of zinc ions from aqueous system using modified biopolymers of chitosan by crosslinking with sulphates using the batch adsorption method; the concentration was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The sulphate cross-linked chitosan (SCC) was characterised by several method. The effects of various experimental parameters such as pH, contact time, concentration, adsorbent dosage and temperature were investigated. Under the optimised conditions, the percentage efficiency for the removal of zinc(II) was up to 85%. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were used to analyse the equilibrium adsorption data along with kinetic studies. Various thermodynamic parameters have also been reported.

Technical efficiency of local dairy milk processing in Kwara State, North Central, Nigeria.

This study examined the profitability and technical efficiency of local dairy milk processing in Kwara State using budgetary analysis and stochastic frontier model. Data set for the study was obtained through a randomly selected one hundred nomadic households in the state. The results of the budgetary analysis showed that local dairy milk processing was profitable in the study area with a net farm income of N683.25 per day. Results of the stochastic frontier efficiency model revealed the percentage efficiency to be 50-95 per cent with a mean of 76 per cent. The level of education of the nomadic household heads, the household size, as well as the years of experience in milk processing significantly reduced the inefficiency of local dairy milk processing in the study area. Improvement in the level of education of the milk processors will have positive implication on their technical efficiency.

EFFICACY OF MICROBIAL PREPARATIONS IN GROWING SPRING WHEAT DEPENDING ON THE FERTILIZATION BACKGROUND

Objective. Develop a fertilization system for spring wheat based on the use of effective compositions of nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria, which will help to reduce the spreadof disease and increase the productivity of agrocenoses. Methods. Field, measuring- and weightbased, calculation, mathematical and statistical. Results. The influence of mineral fertilizers, aftereffects of green manure, treatment of seeds with biopreparations and spraying of crops with Biocomplex-BTU on the parameters of productivity and exposure of spring wheat to powdery mildewhas been shown. It was found that pre-sowing bacterization of seeds increases yields by 3.3–12.4 %, depending on the biopreparations and fertilization background. Under the action of mineral fertilizers both separately and against the background of the after-effect of green manure, theyield increased by 31.7–41.2 %, compared with the variant without fertilizers and without inoculation. Treatment of spring wheat leaf with Biocomplex-BTU increased yield by 3.6–7.2 %, dependingon fertilizer and pre-sowing bacterization of seeds. Inoculation of seeds and treatment of crops withbiopreparations results in increase in the number and length of productive stems and grains inthe ear, although the use of fertilizers increases these parameters more significantly. Conclusion. Treatment of wheat seeds with bacterial preparations has a higher percentage efficiency in areas without fertilizers compared with fertilized ones, as well as in less favourable years for thegrowth of spring cereals, compared with more favourable. Seed inoculation with Polimiksobakterynin combination with the treatment of crops with Biocomplex-BTU, which, depending on the fertilizer, increases the crop yield by 0.54 to 0.73 t/ha, is the most effective. Crop treatment with Biocomplex-BTU significantly reduces exposure to powdery mildew.

Synthesis of Formaldehyde Free Amino Resin to Produce Green Eco-Labelled Leather with Improved Retanning Properties

Formaldehyde has many applications in the chemical industry including synthesis of amino resins which are used in leather processing. After application in leather, these resins are hydrolyzed under certain conditions to release free formaldehyde which has high environmental concerns due to its proven carcinogenic effects. The objective of this work is to develop a formaldehyde free melamine-based resin to produce green leather with improved retanning properties and thermal stability. The optimum melamine resin was synthesized by condensing melamine with glyoxal instead of formaldehyde. Further, the water solubility and improved thermal stability of synthesized melamine resins were achieved by introduction of sulfanilic acid in resin structure. Synthesized resin was used in leather retanning in comparison with commercially available melamine resin as a control. Both leathers were tested for mechanical properties, organoleptic properties, grain surface and fiber structure analysis. Comparative free formaldehyde content was measured in resultant leathers. Effluents of retanning baths were comparatively analyzed. Optimum resin was also characterized by thermo gravimetric analysis and FTIR. The results of this study showed that the experimental resin has imparted significant improvement in mechanical and organoleptic properties of leather as compared to the control resin. Analysis of free formaldehyde content confirmed the absence of free formaldehyde in leather treated with optimum resin while 141 mg/kg formaldehyde was detected in leather treated with control resin. Free formaldehyde was also absent in effluent of experimental resin while 305 mg/kg formaldehyde was detected in effluent of control resin. Moreover, percentage efficiency in COD, TDS and TSS load of effluent was observed as 9.62, 7.2 and 6.31 respectively. Resultant leather was free from formaldehyde making it safe for human along with reduction in pollution load of tannery.

Comparison Ability of Polymers Acrycoat S100 And HPMC K4M to Entrapment Efficiency Domperidone in Microspheres

Domperidone is a prokinetic and antiemetic agent which has low bioavaibility. To increase the bioavaibility of drug, it can be modified into microsphere that can hold drug more longer in gastric to improve the bioavaibility. The microsphere preparation requires a polymer that can make matrix system to protect and deliver the drugs. Acrycoat S100 and HPMC K4M are the usual polymers that used for encapsulation and have biodegradable characteristic. The aim of this research is to know the comparison ability of two different polymers to entrapment the drug in microsphere. Microsphere domperidone made by solvent evaporation method in 6 formula. F1, F2 and F3 using 50 mg, 100 mg and 150 mg Acrycoat S100 polymer, while F4, F5 and F6 using 50 mg, 100 mg and 150 mg HPMC K4m polymer. The tests were conducted by the determination of the percentage of entrapment efficiency using UV spectrophotometer and evaluation of organoleptic, particle measurement and surface microsphere morphology. The results showed that F3 with Acrycoat S100 polymer has a greater entrapment efficiency of 78,712% ± 4,260% compared to the highest percentage efficiency of HPMC K4M polymer of 4,734±0,390.Key words: Acrycoat S100, domperidone, entrapment efficiency, HPMC K4M, microsphere

An Efficient AES Algorithm for IoT based Applications

With a massive growth in net communications, there is always a chance of risk to keep the data secret, reliability of data, additionally accessibility of data. An outcome for this is gift cryptographic methodologies which includes the superior Encryption trendy (AES), which might be at gift shield such information, are necessitated to be quick and well protected. In this report, we talk two novel techniques for adapting the foresaid trouble and it is being made potentially through enhancing the design of mix column manipulation of Advance Encryption Standard (AES). An improvement of 1.27 occasions transformed into completed in evaluation to earlier calculations in expressions of pace proficiency [1][2]. As far as hardware structural layout, a space discount of almost thrice change is additionally achieved. AES has input data blocks of 128 bits, with keys length of 128,192 or 256 bits. In this manuscript, a hardware representation of AES algorithm is described using key of length 128 bits. The AES hardware set up is realized using xilinx nexys 4 artix 7 –FPGA board with the help of xilinx ISE design suite. Our work focuses on MAES, a low power AES encryption algorithm which run over the interest [5]. In MAES, a S-Box of one dimension is suggested using new mathematical expression for creating a (n×n) matrix in affine transformation. The percentage efficiency of 18.35% is obtained by MAES than AES, when encrypted packets are transmitted. Thus MAES expends low power compared to that of AES, which is suitable for resource constraint environments.

Ultrasound Assisted Adsorptive Removal of Cr, Cu, Al, Ba, Zn, Ni, Mn, Co and Ti from Seawater Using Fe2O3-SiO2-PAN Nanocomposite: Equilibrium Kinetics

This work reports the preparation and application of Fe2O3-SiO2-PAN nanocomposite for the removal of Cr3+, Cu2+, Al3+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+, and Ti3+ from seawater. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) characterized the synthesized composite. The following experimental parameters (Extraction time, adsorbent mass and pH) affecting the removal of major and trace metals were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The applicability of the RSM model was verified by performing the confirmation experiment using the optimal condition and the removal efficiency ranged from 90% to 97%, implying that the model was valid. The adsorption kinetic data was described by the pseudo-second order model. The applicability of the materials was tested on real seawater samples (initial concentration ranging from 0.270–203 µg L−1) and the results showed satisfactory percentage efficiency removal that range from 98% to 99.9%. The maximum adsorption capacities were found to be 4.36, 7.20, 2.23, 6.60, 5.06, 2.60, 6.79, 6.65 and 3.00 mg g−1, for Cr3+, Cu2+, Al3+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+, and Ti4+, respectively.

EFFICIENCY MACHINING PROGRAM BY COMPARING NUMERICAL CODE CONTROL MADE FROM CATIA AND MASTERCAM

AbstractTooling department is the department which is engaged in manufacturing of dies that is making a molding tool to create a component / pressed parts made in accordance with the desired design and processed on a press machine, dies ordered from the customer is the sole agent for the brand (car manufacturers). Manufacturing of dies including project work, one of the project, namely the project of manufacturing dies 640A dies drawing part number 53711/12. The project, which is now run already efficient, but to improve services to car manufacturers and to lower the cost of manufacturing the dies on the project it is necessary to compare the code in order to produce a numerical control machining program efficiency. The measures focused on the machining process because there are inefficiencies in the machining program code. Therefore, it will do the analysis of the technical terms in order to get an efficient machining program, so it can reduce the operational costs of the project 640A 53711/12 drawing process. Numerical control (NC) or machining of the program comes from Catia software and MASTERCAM. Numerical control resulting from more effective MASTERCAM machining program for the data that appears in accordance with the dies face (G01: data flat, G02 / G03: Data radius) and therefore contributes to machining machine age. The results of the analysis techniques that select programming from the machining MASTERCAM because it is more effective and calculate the percentage efficiency of the machining program MASTERCAM when compared with catia amounted to 49.36%.

Effect of Silt and Jet Diameter on Performance of Turgo Impulse Hydro Turbine

Silt particles flow through hydro turbines cause erosion in turbines and due to silt efficiency of turbine reduces, vibrations produces in hydro turbines components and finally breakdown of hydro turbines take place, which causes immense losses. In the present study experiments were carried out to study the effect of silt size, silt concentration, jet velocity and operating hours on performance of Turgo impulse turbine. Silt was collected from Dehar power house (India). It has been found that erosion strongly depends on silt parameters (silt size, silt concentration) and operating parameters (Jet velocity and operating hours of turbine). A correlation has been developed as a function of jet diameter, silt parameters and operating parameters of percentage efficiency loss in Turgo impulse turbine.

HORMESIS PHENOMENA OF SOME PARAMETER ASPECT IN USAGE OF WATER LETTUCE (Pistia stratiotes L.) FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION PROCESS OF PETROLEUM LIQUID WASTE

The research about potential test of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) in order of phytoremediation of petroleum liquid waste had been done during June untill December 2012 at Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sriwijaya, Indonesia. Completely Randomized Design was used in the experiment while the concentration of liquid waste as treatment were: 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 %. Each treatment were replicated 4 times. Three parameter was measured; Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) reduction percentage, efficiency of phytoremediation and number of tillers. Regression analisys were used for the data and two of parameters show the hormesis phenomena, were; efficency of phytoremediation and number of tillers. The highest peak effect of treatment for efficiency of phytoremediation and number of tillers was on 45 %. TPH reduction percentage was the only one parameter that shows linier regression Keywords hormesis, Pistia stratiotes, TPH, phytoremediation, tiller