Synchronization of low Reynolds number plane Couette turbulence

We demonstrate that in plane Couette turbulence a separation of the velocity field in large and small scales according to a streamwise Fourier decomposition allows us to identify an active subspace comprising a small number of the gravest streamwise components of the flow that can synchronize all the remaining streamwise flow components. The critical streamwise wavelength, $\ell _{x c}$ , that separates the active from the synchronized passive subspace is identified as the streamwise wavelength at which perturbations to the time-dependent turbulent flow with streamwise wavelengths $\ell _x<\ell _{xc}$ have negative characteristic Lyapunov exponents. The critical wavelength is found to be approximately 130 wall units and obeys viscous scaling at these Reynolds numbers.

IMAGE AND SYMBOLISM OF THE WOLF IN THE WORLDVIEW AND RITUAL OF THE BURYATS

В современности духовное наследие народов России, включая их традиционную картину мира, является объектом общественного и научного интереса. В этом ключе представляется важным реконструкция народных воззрений о животном мире. Целью работы является выявление значений волка в мифологических суждениях бурят и включенности этого дикого животного в их обрядность. Источниками для исследования послужили различные этнографические, фольклорные и лингвистические материалы. В работе использован в качестве основного структурно-семиотический метод. Анализ показывает, что у бурят сформировался неоднозначный образ волка, характеризующийся амбивалентностью коннотации. Выявлена в представлениях об этом звере особая роль символики цвета. Волк имел небесную (белый волк) и мужскую символику. Положительная коннотация выражалась также в признании апотропейной функции его шкуры. О сакральности его образа указывает соблюдавшийся охотниками обычай снятия с убитого хищника шкуры с головой и некоторыми внутренними органами. Отрицательная характеристика волка связывалась с тем, что этот зверь воспринимался как медиатор между мирами. Он отождествлялся с бедой. Полагали, что он имеет демоническую природу, служит транспортом для нечистой силы. На хтоническое происхождение хищника указывала его взаимосвязь с вороном. Волк также нес символику агрессии и увязывался с воинским культом. В этом контексте следует рассматривать его ассоциацию с оружием и идею оборотничества. Выяснено, что в шаманской обрядности бурят волк имел священный статус, что проявилось в поэзии и атрибутике шамана (в ритуальной одежде, в использовании волчьего фетиша). Определено, что народные воззрения бурят о волке находят параллели в традиционном мировоззрении других народов, что указывает на универсальные и типологические феномены в бурятской мифологической фауне. In modern times, the spiritual heritage of the peoples of Russia, including their traditional picture of the world, is an object of public and scientific interest. In this context, it is important to reconstruct popular views about the animal world. The purpose of the work is to identify the meaning of the wolf in the mythological judgments of the Buryats and the inclusion of this wild animal in their rituals. Various ethnographic, folklore, and linguistic materials were used as sources for the research. The paper uses the structural-semiotic method as the main one. The analysis shows that the Buryats have formed an ambiguous image of the wolf, characterized by ambivalent connotations. The special role of color symbolism is revealed in the ideas about this animal. The wolf had a heavenly (white wolf) and male symbolism. A positive connotation was also expressed in the recognition of the apotropaic function of his skin. The sacredness of his image is indicated by the custom observed by hunters of removing the skin from the killed predator with the head and some internal organs. The negative characteristic of the wolf was associated with the fact that this beast was perceived as a mediator between worlds. He was identified with trouble. It was believed that it has a demonic nature, serves as a transport for evil spirits. The chthonic origin of the predator was indicated by its relationship with the raven. The wolf also carried the symbolism of aggression and was associated with a military cult. In this context, we should consider its association with weapons and the idea of werewolves. It was found out that in the shamanic rites of the Buryats, the wolf had a sacred status, which was manifested in the poetry and attributes of the shaman (in ritual clothing, in the use of a wolf fetish). It is determined that the Buryat folk beliefs about the wolf find parallels in the traditional worldview of other peoples, which indicates universal and typological phenomena in the Buryat mythological fauna.

External Quality of Mandarins: Influence of Fruit Appearance Characteristics on Consumer Choice

In a pre-purchase situation, consumer perception of mandarin quality is almost exclusively based on fruit appearance. Determination of consumer requirements in this regard is needed to preserve the current success of this crop in markets worldwide. In this study, the effect on consumer choice of different appearance characteristics that can occur mainly in early-season mandarins was quantified. Two independent Choice-Based Conjoint Analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of different external mandarin factors: (1) two factors linked mainly with harvesting practices: ‘Leaf’ (no leaves but sound calyx/fresh leaf/dehydrated leaf) and ‘Rind Colour’ (orange colour/rind with slightly greenish areas); (2) three factors related to postharvest handling: ‘Calyx Condition’ (sound/blackening/detached),’Waxing’ (absence/presence of wax), and ‘Rind Condition’ (dehydrated/turgid). A total of 280 consumers participated in each study. The evaluation of the factors linked with harvesting revealed four different choice patterns. Leaf presence was appreciated only by a small group of consumers (20%), and the presence of greenish areas on the rind was perceived mostly as a negative characteristic. Among the evaluated postharvest-related factors, ‘Waxing’ and ‘Calyx condition’ had the strongest effect on consumer choice. Consumers showed marked preferences for mandarins that had been waxed and presented shine and gloss. Calyx blackening and detachment had a negative effect mainly on waxed fruit, while rind dehydration more negatively affected the fruit that had not been waxed. Consumer perception of mandarin quality is importantly affected by external mandarin characteristics. The information herein reported can be very useful for the citrus industry for adapting quality control criteria that respond to consumer demands.

Artistic and Aesthetic Representation of the Mythological Image of the Water Damosel in the Bashkir Folk Epic (on the Material of the Epics “Akbuzatˮ and “Zayatulyak and Khyuhyluˮ)

Using the Bashkir epics “Akbuzatˮ and “Zayatulyk and Khyukhyluˮ, the article examines the mythical image of the water damosel – khaukhylu, which has significant artistic and aesthetic functions. This image takes a special place in the mythology of all peoples and in ancient sacred beliefs. Due to the fact that after the adoption of Christianity / Islam among the peoples, all the once sacred, pagan deities – the keepers of rivers and lakes, mountains and natural boundaries, forests and fields, as well as the ones connected with home, were endowed with a negative characteristic and began to be represented as an evil spirit. Such a fate was waiting for, for example, the traditional hero Baba Yaga – Yashchura, raised to the rank of a positive character, deified by the canon of the ancient Slavs, she was the keeper of the clan, its traditions and customs. Accordingly, after the adoption of Christianity, Yashchura took on that negative, pernicious character known to us from Slavic folk tales and folkloric accounts. As E.V. Pomerantsev correctly states, in the artistic and aesthetic sense in mythological legends and folkloric accounts there are always similar motives of “sudden meetingˮ, “sinking into the underwater kingdomˮ, “awards of the water kingˮ, “... the marriage of a hero in the underwater kingdomˮ, etc. In the Bashkir epic monuments observed in the article, these motives are strictly traced and successfully actualized.

Features of the Ukrainian M&A Market

The article is aimed at researching the current state and peculiarities of the Ukrainian M&A market. The market of mergers and acquisitions in Ukraine began to form in the 90s of 20th century, that is, the market is relatively young, but already has its own history, which consists of a consistent four stages: privatization; post-privatization; corporate and speculative. The domestic M&A market is characterized by the formation of a tendency to increase the value of agreements. During the research period (2013–2020), the most expensive M&A agreements in Ukraine were most often concluded in such sectors of the economy as communication and media, financial sector, agriculture. The level of transparency remains low, that is, in Ukraine more than 40% of agreements were concluded without disclosing the cost. Ukrainian investors practically do not participate in the purchase of foreign assets within the framework of mergers and acquisitions agreements. Until 2013, the main investor in the Ukrainian M&A market was Europe, now it is the CIS countries, and the participation of American companies is also growing. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on all countries of the world. Ukraine’s GDP decreased by 4.4%, which was the largest drop since 2013–2014. Also in Ukraine significantly decreased the number of agreements on the M&A market (decreased by 15%, and the total value of agreements decreased by 62%). A negative characteristic feature of the domestic M&A market is the presence of raider seizures, which hinders the development of this market. Using the data of the Unified State Register of Court Decisions, we determined that from 500 to 700 raider attacks are recorded annually in Ukraine. Thus, during the research period (2013–2020), 3,242 raider seizures were recorded in Ukraine. In this regard, the government of the country has developed measures to overcome this phenomenon. Thus, in 2020, the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Countering Raiding» came into force, which will contribute to the improvement of the investment attractiveness of the country, will ensure the growth of the domestic market of mergers and acquisitions.

DOES AGNOSTICISM EXIST?

The term «agnosticism» is used quite often in the philosophical literature. Usually, the meaning of this term is associated with the presence of boundaries in knowledge, and as an example of agnosticism, they refer to the philosophy of I. Kant. Nevertheless, the meaning of this term raises many questions. What are these boundaries? What exactly does Kant consider unknowable? And a number of other questions are still waiting to be answered. Our goal will be to remove some of the existing uncertainties and to demonstrate, if not senselessness, then the problematicity of the very term «agnosticism». We will try to show that what is suitable for the philosophy of religion is not always meaningful and suitable for epistemology. Our methodology will be the analysis of the logical form of statements about the existence / non-existence of something. Such statements are called existential. The methodology for studying problems through the analysis of their linguistic form is the norm for analytical philosophy. For the definition of analytic philosophy, see V. Ye. Borisov and [7]. This methodology is associated with a «linguistic turn in philosophy» [14]. In this case, the term «agnosticism» should be investigated through existential statements, through statements about the existence / non-existence of something (God, spirits, etc.). In defining the concept of agnosticism, the interpretation of the position of I. Kant in relation to the boundaries of knowledge is of great importance. The position of I. Kant is also appropriate to interpret through the ways of using existential statements. Some existential statements according to Kant turn out to be cognitively insoluble. Such are the statements about God, about spirits, about a world transcendent to our experience (things in themselves), etc. For example, it is impossible to prove or disprove the existence of God — this is not a question of cognition (epistemology), but exclusively of faith. Of particular importance is I. Kant’s division of thinking and cognition. The research carried out shows that the term «agnosticism» is often used unreasonably and even meaninglessly, especially when some a priori negative characteristic is attached to it. The use of this term turns out to be very problematic.

Ideas, Traditions and “Higher Personalities”: an Сonception of History in Russian Philosophy. Article Two: L. Tolstoy, Vl. Solovyov, S. Frank

The article discusses the development of ideas about history in Russian philo­sophy of the late XIX – early XX centuries and proves that all significant thinkers followed the tradition set by P.Ya. Chaadaev. It is shown that the histori­cal views of L.N. Tolstoy, expressed in the novel War and Peace, was directed against the idea of ​​the significance of great personalities in history, but in later years Tolstoy changed his views, he acknowledged that some “best people” who understood the true teaching of Jesus Christ and determine the history; they are trying to bring it to life in order to create the “Kingdom of God on earth”. Fol­lowing Chaadaev, Tolstoy claimed that “higher personalities” are distinguished by the fact that they completely subordinate their lives to God, while in God they gain the fullness of life, which loses the negative characteristic of empirical time and acquires the quality of absolute time, “eternal present”. The direct heir to Chaadayev was V.S. Solovyov, who claimed that God acts directly in humanity and leads it to the state of pan-unity, the state of the “Kingdom of God on earth”. In the twentieth century, Chaadaev's historical concept was developed most ob­viously by S.L. Frank. Like his predecessors, Frank argues that the ideas of per­sonal independence and “human rights” lead man to degradation, and society to crisis and death; only the idea of ​​serving the higher divine truth, acting in man and humanity, provides them with a good future. At the same time, society should be governed by “higher personalities” who understand the meaning of di­vine truth better than others. It is shown that a similar concept of history is often found in Western philosophy, for example, it has been consistently developed by H. Bergson.

LINGUO-CULTURAL SEMANTICS OF ORGANOLEPTIVES IN GLUTTONIC FRAME

In the article S.M. Rudenko made an attempt of a comprehensive study of linguocultural semantics of terminal organoleptics – language signs of the peripheral zone of the gluttonic frame, which are a mental analogue of the perceptual characteristics of units of its nuclear zone. Folklore, ethnographic, ethnolinguistic, lexicographic and popular science sources were taken as a material for research. It is emphasized that in order to denote taste reception, modern Ukrainian language has a wide range of absolutely different units – from word to text. The main representatives of the analyzed case are the nominations of taste, smell, appearance, color, design of dishes and products, however, units representing sound, touch, and consistency also play an important role in describing food perception. Their semantics has cultural characteristics. In the course of the study, it was found that semantic features were invested in a special form of expression such as taste sensation, intensity (degree sign of the degree of manifestation or influence of taste omissions), assessment (positive or negative characteristic of taste sensations in terms of personal, subjective criteria; the presence or lack of evidence); syncretism (indivisibility) of sensory perception of taste and tactile sensations, taste and smell. Phraseological units of the Ukrainian language, which include gustative elements, are used not only in the language of gluttony, but also in the process of nominating the concepts of other areas of human activity, in particular the highest emotional. Text units, which reflect the model of color matching of dishes to the consumer’s taste expectations are of great importance. The obtained results make it possible to make a conclusion that the semantics of organoleptics in the gluttonic frame reflect both taste preferences developed over the centuries-old history of the Ukrainian people and its specific worldview character.

К ВОПРОСУ О МЕХАНИЗМАХ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО РЕГИОНАЛЬНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ АРКТИЧЕСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАРЕЛИЯ

В статье актуализируются проблемы развития экономического пространства арктических территорий Республики Карелия. Отличительной чертой экономического пространства арктических территорий является низкая связность, которая в рассматриваемых условиях сопровождается факторами усиления данной отрицательной характеристики. Предложен механизм преодоления данных негативных факторов1. The article actualizes the problems of developing the economic space of the Arctic territories of the Republic of Karelia. A distinctive feature of the economic space of the Arctic territories is the low connectivity, which under the conditions under consideration is accompanied by factors of strengthening this negative characteristic. A mechanism is proposed to overcome these negative factors.2