THE HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF CONTEMPORARY ULAMA BASED ON SECTS: IN PROMOTING ISLAMIC SOCIETY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

Islam clearly referred to the word of peace justice and equity where the Islam considered every individual as equal in the sight of Allah, and also indicates the must closer in the sight of Him is the most fairness person. However, Allah (SWT) kept sending a messenger from time to time from their kind, to serve as messenger and prophet for conveying the divine messages for guidance. The last and final Message and Messenger, that is the Qur’an and Prophet of Allah, Muhammad (PBUH), the son of Abdullah. Therefore, since there would never be any other messenger, the responsibly for carrying on with that onerous divine duties are vested on the most learned of their times, the Ulama’ in setting out an all-encompassing teaching and regulatory framework for achieving optimum relationship between man and his Creator, the entire environment of the Universe and all other creations therein. For this reason, the Ulama been considered at the honorable status of the inheritors of the Messenger of Allah SWT. The paper investigates the enormous contributions of Ulama’ and identifies the serious challenges facing the Islam and its society of Northern Nigeria based on varies of understanding mainly arising from the ideological teachings of the overzealous few and sects in disregarding the provisions of the Qur’an and Sunnah such as (Tariqa, Izala, and Salaf) which is considered the main problems of sectarianism, extremism, and disunity, in some cases in Northern Nigeria. The paper employed the comparison method, to analyze the theoretical discussion of the sects. The findings indicate that there is a need to screen the Ulama’ of all groups, in establishing a common structure that shall not only unite but will address the yearnings and aspirations of the Ummah and Islam in Northern Nigeria.

THE G-FORCE CONUNDRUM IN PRF GENERATION- MANAGEMENT OF A PROBLEM HIDDEN IN PLAIN SIGHT

ABSTRACTAimA force of 400g at 2700 RPM results in an optimum leucocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). Most of centrifuges with varying characteristics generate a g-force in excess of 700g at 2700 RPM. In this context, the study explores the effect of the original centrifugation protocol and a modified protocol tailor-made to lower the RPM to generate a g-force of ~400g on platelet concentration, clot size and growth factors release in L-PRF prepared in two different commercially available centrifuges.Materials and Methods25 subjects each were assigned to the following groups; R1 and R2 where L-PRF was obtained from two laboratory swing-out centrifuges (Remi 8C® & Remi C854®, Mumbai, India) respectively. PRF was obtained from each subject within a group using two protocols; Original (O) protocol: conforming to the original centrifugation cycle (2700 RPM for 12 min) and Modified (M) protocol. Clot size, growth factor estimation and platelet counts were measured at 20, 40 and 60 mins from all the L-PRF clots.ResultsAt the third time period (40–60min), there were no significant differences in clot sizes with the original protocol (p=0.09), but a highly significant difference was noticed with the modified protocol in both the centrifuges (p=0.001). Our results showed an increased concentration of VEGF and EGF with modified protocol than with original protocol with both the centrifuges (p=0.001). By the end of second and third time periods, more platelet concentration was observed with modified protocol than with the original protocol in both the centrifuges (p=0.001)ConclusionThis study infers that the centrifuge type and RCF can affect the quality and quantity of cells and growth factors and an optimum relationship between g-force and RPM should be maintained in order to obtain L-PRF with adequate cell viability and optimum growth factor release.

Dynamic system of indices determining technical equipment of railroad infrastructure

Objective: To obtain technical equipment of infrastructure and terminal capacity relations in order to determine the necessary gridiron of tracks, as well as to assess efficiency and optimization of existing stations’ functioning. Methods: Based on synthesis and analysis of stations’ operation, as well as transport systems’ simulation modeling theory. Results: Parameters, influencing the present and designed terminal capacity, were identified. Cause-and-effect relations of events, resulting in railway machinery being brought in non-serviceable condition, are established. Dynamic system of indices was suggested, allowing for a more precise solution of the following tasks: to identify the necessary and sufficient gridiron of tracks for passing the specified amount of traffic, to assess the most probable amount of traffic at the station and its loading. Criteria of input and output flows of traffic at the station, as well as lay-over and trains' delays were stated, the former make it possible to analyze the suggested technical equipment and station functioning. Practical importance: On the basis of obtained relations it is possible to specify optimum relationship of trains’ lay-over time at station yards, the reserve of gridiron of tracks’ elements time in use and the number of routes being implemented at the station, as well as the necessary gridiron of tracks within the given аmount of train traffic. The results of the research may be applied in designing new railway stations, as well as optimization of station functioning and reconstruction of the existing stations.

Optimal Branching Structure of Fluidic Networks with Permeable Walls

Biological and engineering studies of Hess-Murray’s law are focused on assemblies of tubes with impermeable walls. Blood vessels and airways have permeable walls to allow the exchange of fluid and other dissolved substances with tissues. Should Hess-Murray’s law hold for bifurcating systems in which the walls of the vessels are permeable to fluid? This paper investigates the fluid flow in a porous-walled T-shaped assembly of vessels. Fluid flow in this branching flow structure is studied numerically to predict the configuration that provides greater access to the flow. Our findings indicate, among other results, that an asymmetric flow (i.e., breaking the symmetry of the flow distribution) may occur in this symmetrical dichotomous system. To derive expressions for the optimum branching sizes, the hydraulic resistance of the branched system is computed. Here we show the T-shaped assembly of vessels is only conforming to Hess-Murray’s law optimum as long as they have impervious walls. Findings also indicate that the optimum relationship between the sizes of parent and daughter tubes depends on the wall permeability of the assembled tubes. Our results agree with analytical results obtained from a variety of sources and provide new insights into the dynamics within the assembly of vessels.

Análisis dinámico de la suspensión Pull Rod y Push Rod para el vehículo eléctrico tipo monoplaza

SENA was proposed as a challenge to design and build an electric vehicle type formula for competitions nationwide. The subject matter of this article is to perform dynamic analysis Pull-Rod and Push-Pull the car suspension for optimum relationship between stability, weight and strength, seeking to improve performance race car. Another important aspect of the system is driver safety, a fault in this system may lead to loss of limb or life.

Ray tracing model of the auroral kilometric radiation generation in the 3-D plasma cavity

Propagation and amplification of the auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) in a three-dimensional plasma cavity is investigated using the approximation of the geometrical optics, and taking into account both the slightly relativistic electrons propagating inside a cavity and the background cold electrons. It is shown that the global magnetic field inhomogeneity plays a key role in a wave escape from a thin plasma cavity. The main contribution to the AKR spectrum is made by waves initially generated with the component of group velocity directed to the Earth and with the optimum relationship between the wave vector components, controlling the value of the linear grow rate and duration of the ray lifetime inside a source.

The potential of calcium thioglycollate and fibre protectants for use in chemical shearing

SUMMARYThe wool-severing properties of 2·8% aqueous solution of calcium thioglycollate were increased by 76% by dissolving the depilatory agent in a KCl-NaOH buffer of pH 12·5. The optimum Ca-thioglycollate concentration for defleecing was 3·6%. One ml of this solution defleeced an area of 12·1 cma.A comparison of five buffers and water as solvents for 3·6% Ca-thioglycollate indicated that the area of skin defleeced was directly related to solution pH and the stubble remaining appeared to be inversely related to solution pH. A KCl-NaOH buffer of pH 12·0 provided the optimum relationship between area defleeced (10·2 cm2/ml applied) and stubble (ca. 2 mm wool) remaining.Single site applications of 0·1–1·0 ml of defleecing agent at skin level were compared and it was shown that the application of 0·1 ml aliquots would require 320 ml solution to defleece an average-sized sheep.Preliminary evaluation of 6% formaldehyde buffered to pH 6 and a carbowax-citric acid solution of pH 2 showed that protection of fibres against dissolution by Cathioglycollate solutions can be sustained for 21 days. Pre-treatment with these compounds could therefore produce a protected band of wool immediately above the proposed site of wool dissolution.The practical implications of these findings are discussed with regard to a wool harvesting programme.