A LITERATURE REVIEW ON ISLAMIC FINANCE MODES AS AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO FINANCE THE BUSINESS MODEL OF A CIRCULAR ECONOMY

This study explores how Islamic Finance Modes can provide alternative sources of financing business models in a circular economy. A comparative analysis of the Islamic Finance Modes such as Musharakah, (Equity Sharing), (Mudarabah), (Silent partnership), Forward sale (Salam), Manufacturing Financing (Istisna), Leasing (Ijarah), Sukuk (Investment Certificate), Qard Hassan (Beneficence Loans), Wakalah, (Agency contract) Kafalah (Suretyship Contract), and Ju’ala (Service Agency) were undertaken in relation to its suitability as a source of financing businesses in a circular economy. This study relies heavily on secondary data through literature reviews and research works of authors and researchers on Islamic Finance and Circular Economy. The study concludes that Ijarah, Sukuk, Qard Hassan, Istisna, Musharakah, Mudarabah, Wakalah, Kafalah, and Ju’ala financing modes are essential for providing alternative solutions to financing challenges confronting business models such as balance sheet extension, working capital, and increased credit risk in a circular economy. This paper recommends that Islamic Banks should review and redesign their products and services in order to cater for financing businesses in a circular economy and also support them by providing professional services in analyzing the creditworthiness of companies and viability of projects.

THE ROLE OF ZAKAT IN MALAYSIA IN DEALING WITH THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The COVID-19 pandemic that struck, shocks the whole world, regardless of race or religion. The effects of a pandemic can be felt from a health, social and economic point of view. The impact clearly affects the growth of the world economy, especially in Malaysia. Despite the pandemic, we can see the assistance extended by the people of the world, especially the community in Malaysia to help those effected and affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Zakat institutions in Malaysia have also not missed out on their duty to help asnaf who need special assistance during this pandemic. So, in this study, the researcher will study in more depth the assistance provided and the channels used to help the zakat asnaf affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, this study also aims to determine the impact of assistance given to asnaf on the country's economic growth during the pandemic. The methodology used is content analysis from studies on zakat and, data from zakat institutions. The results of the study showed a positive effect on the economy of the recipients with the assistance received by the asnaf from the zakat institution.

THE TRANSLATION OF AL-’ISTICĀRAH AL-TAMTHīLIYYAH IN THE ’AḤADīTH OF RASULULLAH S.A.W

The translation is a process of copying information contained in the source text into the recipient's source as description, interpretation, and explanation. The field of translation has undergone a drastic process of modernization in line with the development of science and technology. Studies related to the translation of hadith are still insufficient. Furthermore, the development of language is constantly changing according to current changes and society's need for hadith which is becoming more prominent due to the increasing religious awareness. In addition, the position of the hadith of the Prophet SAW, which is jawamic al-kalim has a special and distinctive language feature that requires expertise in the translation of its meaning. This study will attempt to analyze the translation of al-’Isticārah al-Tamthīliyyah in some selected hadiths from the book Riyāḍ al- Ṣāliḥīn by using the method of textual study. Among the purpose of the analysis is to take a closer look at the translation methodology of al-’Isticārah al-Tamthīliyyah used by the translator of the book Riyāḍ al- Ṣāliḥīn published by JAKIM. The findings of this study can be concluded that the translator translates the content of the hadiths studied based on the text outwardly without emphasizing the metaphorical aspect of al-’Isticārah al-Tamthīliyyah and the purpose of the parable is made. It can be categorized as a literal translation. In this case, the author believes that the translation of al-’Isticārah al-Tamthīliyyah of the source language to the target language, especially Arabic to Malay necessary to explain the meaning of the balaghah to explain the purpose of the parable is made so that the readers of the translation be able to understand the implied meaning clearly. The explanation can be used as a footnote on each relevant translation. In addition, the translator's understanding of the elements of metaphor in the original culture is an important factor in producing a quality translation. It is hoped that the findings of this study will contribute to the development of hadith translation in Malaysia and help readers of the translation of the book Riyāḍ al-Ṣāliḥīn in understanding the meaning of hadith clearly.

HUSBAND'S LEADERSHIP AND ITS RELATION TO FAMILY FUNCTIONALITY: A DISCUSSION

Family is the foundation in the building of a society. Not only to society, but a well-functioning family is also important for the stability and prosperity of a country. However, the increasing cases of divorce, never-ending marital conflicts, children's involvement in negative and immoral activities as well as various other problems within the family have been indicating the failure of a functioning family institution. In order to deal with the problems that arise within the family, the role of the family leader is very important because good things within a family will not just happen without the planning and preparation made by the leader. For that reason, this article will discuss on husband’s leadership from the Islamic perspective and its relation to family functionality. Therefore, a literature review involving the books of fiqh, tafsir, hadith, and previous studies related to the topic was conducted to yield a comprehensive discussion. The results of the study found that leadership within a family is a duty that has to be carried out by the husband to the best of his abilities. The dysfunction of the husband in being the leader for his family may result in the dysfunction of the family, due to which a marriage could be dissolved. The implications of this study will provide an early understanding that a well-functioning family is highly dependent on the husband’s leadership. Thus, efforts to strengthen the family institution should start from the grassroots of leadership by focusing on the role of the husband.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTEGRITY: PILOT STUDY AMONG THE MUSLIM IPTA STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA

Spiritual intelligence is an important element towards the formation of a noble personality within a person. As university students are the nation's potential human capital, they need to have spiritual intelligence to achieve a high level of integrity. This pilot study was conducted to identify the reliability of instruments to measure the level of spiritual intelligence and understanding of integrity among Muslim IPTA students in Malaysia. This study is based on a quantitative study using digital questionnaires and the method used is random stratified sampling with a sample size of 30 Muslim students. The use of a digital questionnaire allows data to be collected and analyzed quickly. Research on previous studies was conducted to build these two variable instruments. The Cronbach alpha coefficient value of the spiritual intelligence instrument is 0.848 while the Cronbach alpha coefficient value of the integrity instrument is 0.756. Thus, the variable reliability of this instrument is acceptable. The study data were analyzed using IBM 'Statistical Package of Social Science' (SPSS) version 26 to assess the frequency, percentage, average, and correlation test. Analysis of data on spiritual intelligence was conducted using a descriptive test of frequency where a mean between 4.53 and 5.83 was obtained. These results show that the level of spiritual intelligence is high among students. Meanwhile, the integrity test was conducted using frequency test showed the majority of students understand the meaning of integrity. The results of the correlation test r = 0.138 showed a positive but weak relationship between the two variables of spiritual intelligence and integrity and P = 0.467 showed this relationship was not significant. The methodology of this study has provided empirical evidence on the current level of spiritual intelligence and understanding of integrity among the Muslim IPTA students in Malaysia.

DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE INDIVIDUAL AMIL CRITERIA

Amil is the backbone of zakat activities which, in general, play a role in collecting and distributing zakat. However, some incidents of mismanagement involve amil raise concerns about the quality and role of amil. The question arises on the effectiveness of the amil and what should be done to minimize the case of mismanagement among amil. There should be some criteria that need to be met in the appointment of amil so that the appointed amil can fulfill the vision of the zakat institution. This study suggested five main criteria in determining effective amil, namely background of amil, appointment and replacement process, disciplinary action, expectations and targets: and reward. This paper contributes to the practice of forming good amil governance and can be used as a guide to amil and zakat institutions so that the objectives of zakat can be achieved.

CONCEPT OF AMBIGUITY (SYUBHAH) IN NUTRITION: A STUDY ON THE PERSPECTIVES OF THE NATIONAL RECIPIENTS OF EXEMPLARY FAMILY AWARDS (AKM)

Ambiguity (syubhah) as a legal scope is clearly mentioned in the hadith of the Prophet PBUH. This leaves negative implications upon the Concept of Halalan Toyyiban Nutrition (KPHT) which is an indicator in the Quran. Hence, this research is carried out to study the concept of ambiguity based on the perspectives of the recipients of Exemplary Family Awards (AKM). The research applied qualitative methodology and utilized Focus Group Discussion (FGD) interview technique to collect data. The analysis of data from the interviews was processed using Non-Numerical Unstructured Data Indexing Searching and Theorizing (NUD.IST) or also known as QSR NVivo Version 10. Research respondents are the winners of the Exemplary Family Awards (AKM) at the national level. The awards were organized by Yayasan Dakwah Islamiah Malaysia (YADIM). Results of the research can be utilized to develop the main theme demonstrating that AKM recipients are taking attentive steps regarding ambiguous matters. Additionally, two other sub-themes were categorized successfully under the main theme; first, ambiguity in the income and secondly, ambiguity in the (physical aspect of the) food that is to be consumed. This research can contribute to the development of guidelines for halalan toyyiban nutrition for Muslim family, especially in Malaysia. Subsequent studies should be carried out to improve this research while focusing on the concept of ambiguity, widening it to a different scope of respondents.

CYBER SECURITY AND MAQASID Al- SHARIAH: A CASE OF FACEBOOK APPLICATION

Man has experienced a tremendous advancement in his way of communication due to the technological breakthrough which reached the apex in recent years. Specifically, the importance of social media has become significant as it spans several spectrums of human life. Thus, cybersecurity is becoming an issue of paramount importance since the amount of information and technology available in cyberspace is skyrocketing. This study was an attempt to present the Maqasidic analysis of the benefits derived from the use of Facebook use as a social media platform, as well as the security threats facing cyber users while using the application. Using the Maqasid al-Shariah (The higher objectives of Islam) as the basis, the researcher found that Facebook users derive certain benefits from their Facebook use, and this assists them to achieve Maqasid al-Shariah’s higher objectives. Nevertheless, human beings are faced with certain security threats which hamper their achievements of these Maqasid higher objectives. The researchers then proposed some guidelines and principles by which cybersecurity can be best achieved through the Maqasid al-Shariah.

IMPLEMENTATION OF ZAKAT ON BUSINESS COLLECTION MECHANISM: A PROACTIVE APPROACH BY KEDAH STATE ZAKAT BOARD (LZNK)

The zakat on business is one of the main contributors to the zakat collection in Kedah. Despite the increasing number of Muslim entrepreneurs, the total collection for the zakat on business has yet to reach the target. The efficiency of the zakat collection mechanism is among the factors that influence the proceeds of zakat. Accordingly, this paper is aimed at exploring the implementation of proactive mechanisms to intensify the zakat collection by the Kedah State Zakat Board (LZNK). This study applied a qualitative approach, in which the data were collected through interviews using structured interview protocol and document analysis. The findings showed that there were various proactive mechanisms practiced by LZNK. These include a campaign to visit business complexes and premises to reach out to those Muslim entrepreneurs even during outside office hours, the development of innovative zakat collection mechanism using information technology such as the online zakat payment platform, frequent promotions, and appeals in social media, the offering of a refund-distribution mechanism to corporate payers, implementing high impact projects and zakat aid schemes, as well as indirect zakat plea through various channels. The implementation of proactive mechanisms has successfully contributed to the increase of zakat collection on business although it has yet to reach the target collection. Moreover, this proactive mechanism demonstrates the high commitment of LZNK towards their responsibility for the religion and society, especially the Muslim entrepreneurs.

LEGAL AND POLICY APPROACHES TOWARD REALIZATION OF THE RIGHT TO ACCESS LEGAL INFORMATION IN TANZANIA

The beginning of 2000 witnessed rising of the Free Access to Law Movements (FALMs) which aimed at encouraging nations to publish and make available all primary legal information in their countries. The FALMs resulted in the promulgation and adoption of the Montreal Declaration on Free Access to Law (MDFAL) of 2002 and the formation of the Legal Information Institutes (LIIs), which began in Europe and then spread to America. There are various lines in Europe and America like the British and Irish Legal Information Institute (BAILII), the Australian Legal Information Institute (AustLII), and the Canadian Legal Information Institute (CanLII). Africa joined in the move in early 2003 by forming the Southern African Legal Information Institute (SAFLII). Tanzania although joined late, is not far from realizing the importance of free access to legal information and LIIs. This is signified by the fact that Tanzania has joined in the FALMs, beginning by subscribing to the MDFAL of 2002, joining the SAFLII in 2013, and of late, establishing her own LII which is the Tanzania Legal Information Institute (TANZLII) in March 2019. The basis of Tanzania to join the FALMs is from the fact that the country is a member of the international instruments which guarantee the right to information. Again, the right to access information is enshrined in the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania (CURT) of 1977. More importantly, there is specific legislation providing for enforceability of the right to access information, one of which is legal information. The objective of this article is to analyse legal and policy strategies that are taken by the government of Tanzania in ensuring that access to legal information as one of the human rights is realized in the country.