Global citation inequality is on the rise

Citations are important building blocks for status and success in science. We used a linked dataset of more than 4 million authors and 26 million scientific papers to quantify trends in cumulative citation inequality and concentration at the author level. Our analysis, which spans 15 y and 118 scientific disciplines, suggests that a small stratum of elite scientists accrues increasing citation shares and that citation inequality is on the rise across the natural sciences, medical sciences, and agricultural sciences. The rise in citation concentration has coincided with a general inclination toward more collaboration. While increasing collaboration and full-count publication rates go hand in hand for the top 1% most cited, ordinary scientists are engaging in more and larger collaborations over time, but publishing slightly less. Moreover, fractionalized publication rates are generally on the decline, but the top 1% most cited have seen larger increases in coauthored papers and smaller relative decreases in fractional-count publication rates than scientists in the lower percentiles of the citation distribution. Taken together, these trends have enabled the top 1% to extend its share of fractional- and full-count publications and citations. Further analysis shows that top-cited scientists increasingly reside in high-ranking universities in western Europe and Australasia, while the United States has seen a slight decline in elite concentration. Our findings align with recent evidence suggesting intensified international competition and widening author-level disparities in science.

Current estimates of goose population sizes in western Europe, a gap analysis and an assessment of trends

We estimated the size of 30 defined populations of geese wintering in the Western Palearctic (including five released or reintroduced populations of three species). Fourteen populations were accurately estimated from almost full count coverage or robust sampling and ten were well estimated based on more than 50% of their total being counted. An estimated 5.03 million geese wintered in January 2009, up on 3.10 million in January 1993. Only two populations numbered less than 10,000 birds (Scandinavian Lesser White-fronted Goose and Svalbard/Greenland Light-bellied Brent Goose, the former being critically small within restricted range). Eighteen populations numbered 10,000–100,000, eight 100,000–1,000,000 and the largest 1.2 million individuals. Of 21 populations with known longer term trends, 16 are showing significant exponential increases, 4 are stable and one declining. Amongst these same populations, five are declining since the 1990s. Long term declines in productivity were found in 7 out of 15 populations. Amongst most of the 11 populations for which data exist, there were no significant long-term trends in annual adult survival. Improved monitoring, including demographic, is required to retain populations in favorable conservation status.

MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERBICARA MELALUI PERMAINAN PESAN BERANTAI PADA ANAK USIA DINI DI TK RIAN KUMARAJAYA

Speaking skills are very important for an early child. The ability to speak isa verbal form of communication that is used to communicate smoothly So that other people can understand what children are up to.But most early children still have trouble speaking.Many of the factors behind it, one of which is the lack of creativity of the suspended teacher to provide The stimulus in children is applying an attractive learning method for early childhood.One method of learning that can be used is the method of chain message play.It USES a class action research method with a model of the kemmis and tagart cycles. Research subject is child group b 15 of them. Based on a pediatric research with the structure of infant speech 13%, cycle I 27% and cycle ii 66%. From the data gained it could be referenced that child's speech level can be improved through a chain message game.may add a full count of the child’s vovabulary from information received in sentences or words,so that the child’s speaking skills can be trained and can communicate with the environment. So the ability to talk a child can improved.

A Case Study on Relationships Between Psychological Capital, Personality and Organizational Commitment

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of psychological capital and personality on organizational commitment. Furthermore, it was also aimed to examine the relationships between these two concepts because there is a small number of studies that reveal the relationships between psychological capital and personality characteristics. In this context, a full count was performed in a manufacturing enterprise, and the questionnaire study was conducted on a total of 217 people including all white and blue-collar employees. All employees were reached by face to face interviews. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 21 and Lisrel 8.51.The results of the study show that psychological capital positively affects affective, continuance and normative commitments. Similarly, personality characteristics also have a significant effect on organizational commitment. Extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness to experience among personality characteristics positively affect the organizational commitment. It was observed that neuroticism had a positive effect on organizational commitment, contrary to expectations.The relationships between the relevant two concepts affecting organizational commitment were also found significant. A positive relationship was found between psychological capital and conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness to experience while a negative and significant relationship was found between psychological capital and neuroticism. Contrary to expectations, a negative and significant relationship was achieved between psychological capital and extraversion.

Crenolanib, a Type I FLT3 TKI, Can be Safely Combined with Cytarabine and Anthracycline Induction Chemotherapy and Results in High Response Rates in Patients with Newly Diagnosed FLT3 Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

Background: Crenolanib is a type I oral FLT3 TKI, which inhibits both FLT3-ITD and FLT3-TKD mutations (D835, N841, etc). Crenolanib has a half-life of 6-8 hours and does not accumulate with repeated dosing. Crenolanib does not inhibit c-kit at clinically achievable concentrations, potentially allowing for full count recovery even when combined with myelosuppressive chemotherapy. We report here the first analysis of a phase II trial evaluating the tolerability and efficacy of crenolanib combined with standard induction chemotherapy in patients (pts) with newly diagnosed FLT3 mutant AML. Methods: Pts (≥ 18yrs) (no upper age limit) with newly diagnosed AML characterized by FLT3 (ITD and/or TKD) mutations were enrolled. Pts received standard 7+3 induction with cytarabine 100 mg/m2/d for 7 days and either daunorubicin (<60yrs: 90 mg/m2; ≥60yrs: 60 mg/m2) or idarubicin 12 mg/m2 for 3 days. Crenolanib 100 mg TID was administered starting on day 9 until 72 hrs prior to next chemotherapy. Re-induction was permitted for pts with inadequate leukemia cytoreduction. Up to 4 courses of consolidation consisting of 6 doses of high dose cytarabine (HiDAC) (<60yrs: 3 g/m2; ≥60yrs: 1g/m2) was given, with crenolanib starting on day 7. Eligible pts could proceed to allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT). Crenolanib maintenance therapy was offered for 1 year after HiDAC or -SCT. Safety and tolerability were assessed as well as anti-leukemic activity. Results: Demographics: Twenty-six pts (14 females, 12 males) with a median age of 55yrs (range 22-74yrs) have received 7+3 followed by crenolanib; nine (35%) pts were ≥ 60yrs. Five pts had initial WBC >100,000/μL (two pts had WBC >200,000). Three pts had AML following antecedent MDS or MPN. Mutational Analysis: Twenty-two pts had either FLT3-ITD (n=19) or FLT3-D835 (n=3) mutations. Genomic sequencing revealed multiple concurrent FLT3 activating mutations in four pts. One pt had a dual-activating kinase domain mutation in trans (D835Y+N841T). Three other pts had FLT3-ITD together with N841 (n=2), I836del (n=2), and V592/593 (n=2). Fifteen (60%) pts had FLT3 and NPM1 mutations, and 11 (52%) had FLT3 and DNMT3A mutations. Five pts (24%) had AML with three mutations (FLT3 + NPM1+ DNMT3A). WIT (WT1, IDH1/2, TET2) mutations were present in 11 (52%) pts. Three pts had trisomy 8; one pt each having monosomy 7, trisomy 4, and t(3;18)del(6q)der(3). Treatment Outcome: Eighteen (69%) pts received induction with cytarabine+daunorubicin (10 pts at 90 mg/m2, 8 pts at 60 mg/m2) and eight pts (31%) received cytarabine+idarubicin. To date, crenolanib has been well-tolerated in combination with chemotherapy. Six pts required crenolanib dose reductions for periorbital edema (n=2), delayed count recovery (n=1), LFT elevation (n=1), nausea (n=1) and rash (n=1). Out of the twenty-five pts evaluable for response, twenty-two (88%) achieved complete remission (CR) with full count recovery after one cycle of induction. Overall CR/CRi rate was 96% (Table 1). Sixteen pts (10 pts< 60yrs; 6 pts≥ 60yrs) have received a total of 26 cycles of consolidation with HiDAC and crenolanib. Twelve pts (46%) have been bridged to allogeneic SCT. With a median follow up of 6 months, only three pts (all > 60yrs) have relapsed. Overall survival is shown in Figure 1. Conclusion: Crenolanib, a type I pan-FLT3 TKI, can be safely combined at full doses with cytarabine/daunorubicin or cytarabine/idarubicin induction and HiDAC consolidation chemotherapy for upfront AML therapy. A high CR rate of 88% with full count recovery was observed after one cycle of induction with an overall CR/CRi rate of 96%. HiDAC consolidation and allo SCT could be administered on schedule. Encouraging anti-leukemic activity has been observed with no relapses in FLT3 mutant AML pts <60yrs. Accrual to this trial continues. Disclosures Stone: Roche: Consultancy; Sunesis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Xenetic Biosciences: Consultancy; Abbvie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy; Agios: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Celator: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Karyopharm: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Jansen: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; ONO: Consultancy; Juno Therapeutics: Consultancy; Merck: Consultancy. Eckardt:Arog: Employment, Equity Ownership.