scholarly journals Performa Dan Metabolit Darah Induk Kambing Bunting Yang Diberi Pakan Suplemen Selama Kebuntingan

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 612-624
Author(s):  
Tati Murniati ◽  
Ahmad Muchlis
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
High Weight Gain ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Pregnant Mothers

Ketersediaan nutrisi pada induk baik melalui suplai dari makanan maupun hasil metabolisme induk mempunyai pengaruh sangat luas pada pertumbuhan fetus selama kebuntingan.  Sangat diperlukan upaya perbaikan ketersediaan nutrisi melalui peningkatan sekresi endogen hormon metabolisme dan metabolit penting dan faktor-faktor pertumbuhan lainnya.  Pengetahuan profil metabolik dapat berguna dalam memprediksi masalah metabolik.  Penelitian ini dirancang mengikuti pola factorial  2 x 4 dengan 9 ulangan, sehingga jumlah kambing yang digunakan sebanyak 72 ekor induk kambing, yang terdiri dari kelompok kambing Peranakan Etawa dan kambing Kacang Pemberian pakan selama kebuntingan dibagi dalam 3 perlakuan  induk bunting awal (umur kebuntingan 1 sampai 3 bulan), induk bunting akhir (umur kebuntingan 3 sampai 5 bulan), induk bunting tampa pemberian pakan suplemen dan Induk bunting dengan suplementasi selama kebuntingan.  Pemberian pakan suplemen dapat meningkatkan pertambahan berat badan induk bunting.  Waktu yang optimum pemberian pakan suplemen pada induk bunting memberikan pertambahan berat badan yang tinggi pada umur kebuntingan 1 sampai 3 bulan (awal).  Kandungan glukosa darah dipengaruhi oleh jenis kambing dan umur kebuntingan.  Kandungan glukosa darah tertinggi pada induk yang diberi pakan suplemen selama kebuntingan tetapi tidak berbeda pada kebuntingan awal dan akhir.  Kandungan metabolit darah (urea dan kreatinine) tidak dipengaruhi oleh umur kebuntingan, dan kandungan metabolit darah relatif lebih tinggi pada ternak yang diberi pakan suplemen The availability of nutrients in the mother either through the supply of food or the results of the metabolism of the mother has a very broad influence on the growth of the fetus during pregnancy. It is necessary to improve the availability of nutrients by increasing the endogenous secretion of metabolic hormones and important metabolites and other growth factors. Knowledge of the metabolic profile can be useful in predicting metabolic problems. This study was designed to follow a 2 x 4 factorial pattern with 9 replications, so that the number of goats used were 72 mother goats, consisting of Etawa Peranakan goats and Kacang goats. 3 months), late pregnant women (gestational age 3 to 5 months), pregnant women without supplementation of feed and pregnant women with supplementation during pregnancy. Supplementary feeding can increase the weight gain of pregnant mothers. The optimum time of giving supplementary feed to pregnant mothers gives high weight gain at 1 to 3 months of gestation (early). Blood glucose content is influenced by the type of goat and gestational age. The blood glucose content was highest in broodstock fed supplements during pregnancy but did not differ in early and late pregnancy. The content of blood metabolites (urea and creatinine) was not affected by gestational age, and the content of blood metabolites was relatively higher in livestock fed supplementary diets.

Greater energy demand of exercise during pregnancy does not impact mechanical efficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 493-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. Denize ◽  
Pegah Akbari ◽  
Danilo Fernandes da Silva ◽  
Francois Haman ◽  
Kristi B. Adamo
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Gestational Weight

Pregnant women are recommended to engage in 150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity per week to reduce pregnancy complications. Many women struggle to remain physically active throughout pregnancy, and there is no consensus about whether women adopt a less efficient movement pattern as they progress through pregnancy and experience gestational weight gain. This study assessed the change in energy expenditure and mechanical efficiency in pregnant women (PREG; n = 10) when performing a walking treadmill task in early, mid, and late pregnancy and also compared with an age- and body mass index-matched, nonpregnant (CON; n = 10) group. On average, the PREG group gained within the Institute of Medicine’s gestational weight gain guidelines (11.6 ± 3.6 kg) and were all inactive (measured using accelerometry), except for 1 participant, by the third trimester, as per the 2019 Canadian physical activity guidelines for pregnant women. Energy expended to complete the walking task increased throughout pregnancy and was higher than the controls (111.5 ± 24.6 kcal) in mid and late pregnancy (139.0 ± 22.2 kcal, p = 0.02, and 147.3 ± 24.6 kcal, p = 0.005, respectively), but not early pregnancy (129.9 ± 18.9 kcal, p = 0.08). Walking mechanical efficiency was similar within pregnant women at each time point and compared to nonpregnant controls. Our findings add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating that pregnant women can safely perform physical activity by showing that walking mechanical efficiency is unchanged at low to moderate intensities. Novelty Energy demand during exercise increases proportionally to weight gain across pregnancy trimesters. However, mechanical efficiency remains unchanged during low- to moderate-intensity walking.

scholarly journals Gestational weight gain and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a prospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e038187
Author(s):  
Yuelin Wu ◽  
Sheng Wan ◽  
Shengyi Gu ◽  
Zhengqian Mou ◽  
Lingling Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Maternal And Neonatal Outcomes ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

ObjectiveTo assess the associations of gestational weight gain (GWG) in early and late pregnancy with subsequent risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Chinese women.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingShanghai, China.ParticipantsWe studied 2630 nulliparous singleton pregnant women with complete data on weight gain in early (≤17 weeks of gestation) and late (>17 weeks) pregnancy in the Shanghai Birth Cohort.MethodsGWG was standardised into z-scores by gestational age and categorised as low (z-score <−1), normal (−1 to +1) and high (>1). The adjusted relative risks (aRRs) and 95%CIs were estimated through log-binomial regression models. Interaction effects between GWG and some other adjustment factors were tested, further stratified analyses were performed separately where interaction terms were significant.Outcome measuresAdverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.ResultsIndependent from GWG in late pregnancy, higher GWG in early pregnancy was associated with higher risks of gestational diabetes mellitus (aRR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.11 to 2.48), caesarean section (aRR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.39) and prolonged hospitalisation (aRR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.03 to 2.38). Higher GWG in late pregnancy was independently associated with higher risks of caesarean section (aRR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.41), large for gestational age (aRR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.50 to 2.7) and macrosomia (aRR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.30 to 2.78). In addition, the risk of gestational hypertension increased significantly with increased total GWG (aRR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.76). The effects of GWG in late pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes were significantly different between the women bearing a female and the women bearing male fetus.ConclusionThe GWG associations with adverse pregnancy outcomes differ at early and late pregnancy, and there may be effect modification by fetal sex in the association of GWG in late pregnancy with some pregnancy outcomes.

scholarly journals Genetic aspects of metabolic disorders in pregnant women with pathological weight gain

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-275
Author(s):  
S. O. Ostafiichuk
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Leptin Resistance ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Polymorphism of the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) has been shown to be linked to obesity-related metabolic markers and phenotype. Therefore, we hypothesized that the Gln233Arg LEPR polymorphism is related to metabolic changes in pregnancy and the risk of excessive gestational weight gain (GWG). A total of 97 pregnant women with a singleton gestation were enrolled from April 2016 until December 2018. Genetic variants of LEPR were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, leptin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, lipid profile, and carbohydrate status were assessed in the first, and third trimesters of pregnancy. The recommended GWG was diagnosed in 34.0%, insufficient in 19.6%, and excessive in 46.4% patients. Statistical analysis revealed that 20.6% patients were with AA genotype, 50.5% – AG genotype, and 28.9% – GG genotype. The frequency of GG-alleles carriers of the LEPR Gln233Arg gene in the group of excessive GWG patients was 3 times higher compared to recommended GWG patients. Thus, the inheritance of pathological G-homozygotes increases the risk of excessive weight gain by 7 times, compared to carriers of the AA genotype. LEPR GG polymorphism was significantly associated with high levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, lipoprotein low and very low density, and leptin compared to homozygous А-carriers in the third trimester of pregnancy. In pregnant women with GG polymorphism, the glucose level, insulin level, and HOMO-IR index were significantly increased compared to women with AA genotype in late pregnancy. In the group with excessive GWG, the presence of GG-alleles of the LEPR gene was accompanied by a higher level of hyperleptinemia, compared to carriers of AA-genotype. Inheritance of pathological G-homozygotes was associated with hyperlipidemia, leptin resistance with high leptin serum levels, and increased insulin resistance, which was especially manifested in excessive GWG. In our opinion, excessive GWG can be seen as a marker of the mother's genotype and genetic predisposition to the development of metabolic diseases after delivery.

scholarly journals Gestational Weight Gain among Healthy Pregnant Women from Asia in Comparison with Institute of Medicine (IOM) Guidelines-2009: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Arora ◽  
Bani Tamber Aeri
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asian Women ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Gestational Weight

In 1990, Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended gestational weight gain (GWG) ranges for women in the United States primarily to improve infant birth weight. Changes in key aspects of reproductive health of women of child bearing age, a rising prevalence of obesity, and noncommunicable diseases prompted the revision of IOM guidelines in 2009. However, there is no such recommendation available for Asian women. This systematic review assesses the utility of IOM-2009 guidelines among Indian and other Asian pregnant women in terms of maternal and fetal outcomes. 624 citations were identified using PubMed and Google Scholar, out of which 13 were included. Prospective/retrospective studies of healthy Asian women with a singleton pregnancy which specifically examined fetal-maternal outcomes relative to IOM-2009 guidelines were included. Results. Majority of pregnant Indian women achieved less GWG than the recommendations whereas a mixed trend was noticed among the other Asian pregnant women. The most common fetal-maternal complications among the excessive GWG women were found to be macrosomia, large for gestational age and caesarean section followed by gestational diabetes and hypertension, whereas low birth weight, small for gestational age and preterm birth, was found to be associated with low GWG women. The findings highlight the need for appropriate GWG limits across the different body mass index levels specifically for Indians and other Asian population. However, there are not enough publications regarding the utility of IOM-2009 guidelines among the Indian and other Asian women. Thus, higher-quality researches are warranted in future to further validate the findings of the present review.

scholarly journals Sleep Patterns in Pregnant Women with Obesity Differentially Affect Energy Intake and Metabolic Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 984-984
Author(s):  
Emily Flanagan ◽  
Abby Altazan ◽  
Jasper Most ◽  
Robbie Beyl ◽  
Daniel Hsia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Sleep Patterns ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Gain Energy

Abstract Objectives During pregnancy, altered glucose kinetics coupled with disrupted sleep increase the risk for adverse metabolic health outcomes. The aim of this prospective, observational study in pregnant women with obesity was to 1) examine sleep patterns in early and late pregnancy; and 2) identify how changes in sleep patterns impact gestational weight gain, energy intake and metabolic health. Methods In 52 healthy pregnant women with obesity (27.4 ± 0.6 y; BMI: 36.3 ± 0.7 kg/m,2), energy intake (intake-balance method), and changes in weight, fasting glucose, insulin, lipids and habitual sleep (5 consecutive nights via wrist worn accelerometer) were assessed from early (13,0–15,6 weeks) to late (35,0–36,6) pregnancy. A change to habitual sleep parameters (increase or decrease) was defined as ± one-half of the standard deviation of the 5-day measurement in early pregnancy. Results Results In early pregnancy, time spent in bed (TIB) was 9.40 ± 0.13 h and varied 1.61 ± 0.11 h across the 5 nights. Total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (SE) significantly declined from early to late pregnancy 7.05 ± 0.13 h to 6.46 ± 0.15 h (P &lt; 0.001) and 76 ± 0.1% to 71 ± 0.2% (P &lt; 0.001), respectively. Women who increased TIB (11 of 52) had a significant decrease in plasma glucose −11.6 ± 4.3% (P &lt; 0.01) and a trend towards lower insulin (−57.8 ± 33.5%; P = 0.09) and HOMA-IR (−72.4 ± 37.3%; P = 0.058) across pregnancy compared to women who decreased their TIB (13 of 52). Women who increased TIB had a significantly lower daily energy intake (−540 ± 163 kcal; P &lt; 0.01) and tended to have less gestational weight gain (−146.7 ± 87.6 g/wk; P = 0.10). There was no difference in weight gain, energy intake or plasma markers between women who increased or decreased TST or SE. Conclusions Although sleep time and sleep quality decline throughout pregnancy, TIB had the greatest impact on metabolic health in pregnant women with obesity. Women spending more TIB consumed fewer calories. Our data suggest that the relationship between glucose metabolism and sleep during pregnancy is at least in part explained by lower energy intakes, possibly due to shorter eating windows. Studies that manipulate the eating window, independent of sleep timing are needed to understand the benefits to metabolic health for women during pregnancy. Funding Sources National Institutes of Health [R01DK099175].

scholarly journals Association Between Diet Quality & Rate of Gestational Weight Gain Among Pregnant Women in Dhulikhel, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1089-1089
Author(s):  
Kelly Tiderencel ◽  
Joachim Sackey ◽  
Diane Rigassio-Radler ◽  
Emily Barrett ◽  
Archana Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Objectives The National Academy of Medicine (NAM) guidelines recommend linear gestational weight gain (GWG) in the 2nd and 3rd trimester with appropriate rate defined based on pre-pregnancy BMI. Here we prospectively examined the association between diet quality and GWG rate from 2nd to 3rd trimester among women receiving prenatal care in a periurban hospital in Nepal. Methods A pilot cohort of singleton pregnant women (N = 101; age 25.9 ± 4.1 years) was recruited from a tertiary, periurban hospital in Nepal. In the 1st trimester, diet quality was assessed from the adapted Nepali version of the PrimeScreen questionnaire, which assigned diet quality scores (range 0–42; higher scores for better quality) based on consumption frequency of 12 healthy and 9 unhealthy food groups. The GWG rate was calculated as the measured weight at the early-to-mid 3rd trimester (28–35 wks) minus the weight at 2nd trimester (13–25 wks), divided by the number of weeks in between. Linear regression estimated the association between diet quality and GWG rate, adjusting for a priori covariates including age, education, ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, and nausea/vomiting. The adequacy of GWG rate was also categorized as inadequate, adequate, or excessive using NAM guidelines. Results Most women were of normal (55.4%) or overweight (33.7%) BMI status pre-pregnancy. The mean GWG rate in mid-to-late pregnancy was 0.46 ± 0.2 kg/wk and the mean diet quality score was 23.6 ± 2.5. Based on pre-pregnancy BMI, 49.4% of women had excessive GWG rate, while nearly equal numbers had either adequate GWG or inadequate GWG rate. Pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG rate were inversely correlated (r = −0.21, P = 0.049). Education level was positively associated with both GWG rate (P = 0.01) and adequacy of GWG (P = 0.02). There was no significant association between diet quality and the GWG rate [adjusted β (95% CI) = −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01); P = 0.14]. The mean GWG rate was marginally lower (0.44 vs. 0.57 kg/wk; P = 0.06) among those with high versus low (2 + servings vs. 0–1 serving/wk) intake of red meat; similar findings were seen when comparing red meat intake between women with excessive versus adequate GWG (Cramer's V = 0.2; P = 0.06). Conclusions While overall diet quality is not related to GWG among Nepali women, a high intake of red meat may be a potential risk factor for excessive GWG in this population. Funding Sources Rutgers Global Health Institute.

Blood metabolite levels in pregnant ewes as indicators of nutritional status

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 243-243
Author(s):  
J.V. O' Doherty ◽  
P.J. Quinn ◽  
T.F. Crosby
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Blood Metabolite ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The ewes requirments for energy and protein increase rapidly during the last two months of pregnancy and particularly in the final few weeks. A major limitation to the use of changes in liveweight or condition score as indices of the adequacy of nutrition during late pregnancy is that they provide information only in hindsight. By the time an inadequate weight gain or an excessive loss of condition has been recognised an irreparable production penalty may have been incurred. A more immediate assessment of the adequacy of contemporary nutrition is afforded by the measurement of circulating concentrations of certain blood metabolites. The objective of this experiment was to compare the effects of seven dietary treatments in ewes carrying twins on the pattern of plasma β-hydroxy-butyrate, glucose, albumin and urea levels in the last month of pregnancy and their relationship with energy and crude protein intakes.

scholarly journals The performance of various anthropometric assessment methods for predicting low birth weight in adolescent pregnant women

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Cavalcante de Barros ◽  
Cláudia Saunders ◽  
Marta Maria Antonieta de Souza Santos ◽  
Beatriz Della Líbera ◽  
Silvana Granado Nogueira da Gama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
High Weight Gain ◽  
Anthropometric Assessment

Objective: To evaluate the performance of various anthropometric evaluation methods for adolescent pregnant women in the prediction of birth weight. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study including 826 adolescent pregnant women. In the pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) classification, the recommendations of the World Health Organization were compared with that of the Brazilian Ministry of Health and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of 1992 and 2006. The gestational weight gain adequacy was evaluated according to the classification of IOM of 1992, of 2006 and of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The newborns were classified as low birth weight (LBW) or macrosomic. Multinomial logistic regression was used for statistical analysis and sensibility, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values were calculated. Results: The evaluation, according to the Brazilian Ministry of Health, showed the best prediction for LBW among pregnant women with low weight gain (specificity = 69.5%). The evaluation according to the IOM of 1992 showed the best prediction for macrosomia among pregnant women with high weight gain (specificity = 50.0%). The adequacy of weight gain according to the IOM of 1992 classification showed the best prediction for LBW (OR = 3.84; 95%CI 2.19 - 6.74), followed by the method of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (OR = 2.88, 95%CI 1.73 - 4.79), among pregnant women with low weight gain. Conclusion: It is recommended the adoption of the Brazilian Ministry of Health proposal, associated with BMI cut-offs specific for adolescents as an anthropometric assessment method for adolescent pregnant women.

Abstract P173: Physical Activity In Relation To Fasting And Post-meal Blood Glucose In Pregnant Women With Diabetes

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly L Savin ◽  
Linda C Gallo ◽  
Britta A Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Individual Effects

Introduction: Pregnant women with diabetes often show low levels of physical activity (PA) and high sedentary behavior (SED). Longitudinal studies with objective measures are needed to understand the relationships of daily PA with daily and next-day blood glucose (BG). Hypothesis: Increased steps or moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and decreased SED are linked with lower post-meal BG and next day fasting BG in pregnant women. Methods: Participants were 10 pregnant women with diabetes [mean age= 29.3 (SD= 3.6); mean gestational age= 21.9 (SD= 3.9); 90% (9 of 10) Latina] enrolled in a 12-week pilot PA intervention. Participants self-reported demographic and BG data (morning fasting BG, up to 3 daily post-meal BGs). Steps, MVPA (mins/day), and SED (mins/day) were measured using a Fitbit Alta HR. Participants had on average 49 (range: 21 to 77) days with valid PA and BG data, for a total of 469 observations. Multi-level models (MLMs) were fit to examine mean and day-level effects of steps, MVPA, and SED on post-meal and next-day fasting BG after adjusting for age, gestational age, education, and participant mean PA or SED. Due to the small sample size, effect sizes are emphasized in results instead of statistical significance. Results: The mean post-meal BG was 122.5 mg/dL and mean fasting BG was 92.81 mg/dL. After adjustment, an increase of mean steps by 1000 was linked to a lower mean post-meal BG by 11.79 mg/dL (p=0.22) and fasting BG by 7.26 mg/dL (p=0.54), though neither between effect was statistically significant. The within-individual effects of daily steps on post-meal and fasting BG were very small and non-significant (b=-1.78; p=0.59; b=0.72; p=0.30, respectively). A 1-minute increase in mean MVPA was associated with a slight increase in mean post-meal BG by 1.53 mg/dL (p=0.07). The within-individual effect of daily MVPA on daily post-meal BG was negligible and non-significant (b=-0.39, p=0.51). Between-individual effects showed SED had small, positive, non-significant associations with post-meal BG. Specifically, per 60-minute mean SED increase, mean post-meal BG increased by 1.02 mg/dL (p=0.44). Within-individual daily SED increases of 60 minutes were associated with increases of 1.87 mg/dL (p=0.63) in daily post-meal BG. MVPA and SED were not associated with fasting BG. Conclusions: Greater mean steps were linked to lower post-meal and fasting BG while greater SED and MVPA were linked to greater post-meal BG. However, within individual daily increases in MVPA and decreases in SED, were protective for post-meal BG, while controlling for individual mean MVPA and SED. Most effect sizes were small and results were not statistically significant in part due to the small sample size. Participants generally had well-controlled post-meal and fasting BGs, so results may not be generalizable to larger populations.

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