“LIQUEFACTION” AND “DYNAMIC SEPARATION” DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF THE SAME PROBLEM

In 2015 the Bulk Jupiter sank during bad weather loaded with bauxite. Nearly automatically everybody considered “liquefaction” to be the prime cause of this accident. Liquefaction is a phenomenon where solid bulk cargo, triggered by the ship movements, starts to behave has a high density viscous liquid in the holds. The stability is negatively influenced by the free surface effect and further research, especially by the Global Bauxite Working Group or GBWG showed that bauxite ore simply will not liquefy even under the worst case shipping conditions. Evidence from real world shipments of bauxites shows that instabilities due to moisture cannot be explained by liquefaction phenomena, but can be under a “dynamic separation” mechanism of instability. Both liquefaction and dynamic separation are caused by an excessive moisture of the bauxite cargo. However, the influence on the stability of the ship is fundamentally different.

Geotechnical Properties of Bauxite: A Case Study in Bukit Goh, Kuantan, Malaysia

The research focuses on the basic and morphological characteristics to ensure bauxite ore reached the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code (IMSBC Code) standard before being exported to other countries. The testing procedure, referred to as Geo-spec 3: Model Specification for Soil Testing, was performed to discover the basic parameters of the soil, including pore size distribution, water content, particle density, and morphology qualities. At Bukit Goh, Kuantan, about four (4) samples were chosen, whereas two (2) samples were from the stockpile and two (2) samples were from the Bukit Goh mine. The results illustrated that the mean water content of the soil is 20.64% which is above 10% of the recommended value. The value of Bulk Density is not in the range of 1190 kg/m3 to 1389 kg/m3, which is 2836.25 kg/m3 and the particle size distribution for fine material is greater than 30%, and coarse material is less than 70%. The SEM examination revealed a high concentration of tiny particles in bauxite samples. Bukit Goh bauxite cannot be classified as group C under the IMSBC Code. As a result, the bauxite does not meet the criteria and cannot be shipped.

Quantitative analysis of doxorubicin hydrochloride and arterolane maleate by mid IR spectroscopy using transmission and reflectance modes

Background Environment-friendly fast and accurate mid-infrared spectroscopic methods have been developed for the quantitative analysis of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and arterolane maleate (ALM) in bulk and marketed formulations. Both transmittance and reflectance modes have been used for the analysis and a comparison has been drawn for better accuracy. The analytical methods were validated in accordance with International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines Results The proposed methods have been successfully developed and validated for the quantification of doxorubicin and arterolane maleate in solid bulk and dosage form. High recovery values in both the modes, while analysing DOX and ALM, indicated good accuracy of the methods. The methods showed excellent repeatability and intermediate precision [% RSD (Relative Standard Deviation < 2.0%]. The assay values of the drugs in solid dosage forms were also found close to the labelled claim. Conclusion The proposed Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic methods were found to be specific, reproducible, valid and could be used as general methods for the quantification of most of the solid drug preparations such as tablets, capsules and powders.

Structural Aspects and Characterization of Structure in the Processing of Titanium Grade4 Different Chips

This study presents the structural aspects of the solid-state processing of various titanium chips. The structural characterization of: (1) commercial pure Ti in the as-received state, (2) manufactured chips, and (3) products of the chip processing are presented. Pure single-phase titanium Grade4 (Ti Gr4) was processed which, among all grades of pure titanium, is characterized by the lowest possible purity and the highest possible strength at the same time. Four geometries of chips were processed, i.e., chips after turning (thin and coarse), and chips after milling (thin and coarse). An unconventional plastic working method was applied to transform a dispersed form (chips) into solid, bulk metal in the form of rods without re-melting. The rods with a diameter of Ø8 mm and a length of about 500 mm were manufactured. Based on computer tomography and Archimedes measurements, it was found that the manufactured rods were consolidated and near fully dense. In turn, microscopy investigations proved that conventional, polycrystalline, grained structures were obtained. Only an insignificantly small number of internal defects were revealed, meaning that the obtained rods exhibited a proper structure typical for commercial titanium. Obtained materials, except of small surface inclusions, were fee of impurities. Whereas the results of the compression tests proved that the manufactured rods are characterized by new interatomic bonds, cohesion and plasticity analogous to those of titanium in the as-received state.

Guest Editorial: Platinum Group Metals: Widespread Use As Functional Material

Platinum group metals (pgms) have widespread applications as functional materials in many different industries. The applications range from catalytic surfaces or particles, sensors, biomedical imaging or drug delivery systems and thermocouples up to jewellery items that we use for special moments of our life. The pgms are used as solid bulk materials, powders, thin films, organic compounds or liquid dispersions of nanoparticles. This astounding variety of applications of pgm materials is reflected in the current issue of Johnson Matthey Technology Review.

Effects of Pyrolysis on Biogas Production during Anaerobic Codigestion of Corn Stover

The effects of pyrolysis pretreatment on biogas production during anaerobic co-digestion of corn stover were studied. The corn stover characteristics were investigated by performing thermogravimetric analysis using a heating rate of 10.0°C/min and an air atmosphere at atmospheric pressure. Corn stover aliquots pretreated in an electric furnace at 100°C for 360 min, 200°C for 15 min, and 300°C for 5 min were used. Untreated and pretreated corn stover samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and other methods, and the bulk densities and component ratios were compared to identify changes caused by the pretreatments. The amounts of total solids, volatile solids, volatile fatty acids, and total ammonia nitrogen produced when the stover samples were anaerobically digested were measured. The biogas production rate and the methane concentration in the biogas were determined. The substrate-specific methane yields were determined, and the relationships between the yields and pretreatment conditions were assessed. The sample pretreated at 300°C for 5 min produced the most biogas. The corn stover total solid bulk density was directly related to the substrate-specific methane yield, the substratespecific methane yield decreasing as the total solid bulk density increased.

Measurement of conformational switching of azobenzenes from macro- to attomolar scale in self-assembled 2D and 3D nanostructures

It is important, but challenging, to measure the (photo) induced switching of molecules in different chemical environments, from solution, to thin layers, to solid bulk crystals. We compare the cis-trans...

Contrastive and Experimental Study on the Characteristics of Bauxite during Shipping

International transport of commodities is one of the most important parts of the shipping industry. Among bulk commodities, solid bulk cargo with potential liquefaction is classified as Group A according to the International Maritime Solid Bulk Code, the accidents of which suffered by carriers have aroused attention. Among the Group A, Bauxite has the similar liquefaction behavior during maritime transportation. It is of great significance to find out the liquefaction characteristics of bauxite to illustrate the accident of bauxite carrier and to prevent the occurrence of new accidents. At first, general properties of bauxite was reviewed. And then the distribution of moisture content was found out according to the statistical data, moreover, other properties of samplings were compared with those of other bauxite, such as saturation, particle distribution, compactness and density. Third work to find out characteristics of bauxite is experimental analysis based on the bench of vibration and the rolling table. Liquefaction behavior under vibration condition and fluidization behavior under rolling environment were found out from the bauxite with moisture content above 8%. These boundary conditions of liquefaction and longitudinal fluidization obtained were helpful to decision-making to confirm the transportability of bauxite and the cargo worthiness of carriers. More importantly, the migration mechanism of bauxite particle and moisture helps manage risk and emergency response during the whole maritime transportation.

“Liquefication” and “Dynamic Separation” Different Aspects of the Same Problem

In 2015 the Bulk Jupiter sank during bad weather loaded with bauxite. Nearly automatically everybody considered “liquefaction” to be the prime cause of this accident. Liquefaction is a phenomenon where solid bulk cargo, triggered by the ship movements, starts to behave has a high density viscous liquid in the holds. The stability is negatively influenced by the free surface effect and further research, especially by the Global Bauxite Working Group or GBWG showed that bauxite ore simply will not liquefy even under the worst case shipping conditions. Evidence from real world shipments of bauxites shows that instabilities due to moisture cannot be explained by liquefaction phenomena, but can be under a “dynamic separation” mechanism of instability. Both liquefaction and dynamic separation are caused by an excessive moisture of the bauxite cargo. However, the influence on the stability of the ship is fundamentally different.