Territorial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Galicia (Spain): a geographical approach

The coronavirus pandemic is causing a huge impact around the world. Its real magnitude presents very important regional differences, which are appreciable in the number of infected and victims in the different countries. The outbreak of the pandemic and the ignorance of the virus mean that, even today, there are many unknowns about essential aspects related to it. In this sense, geographic knowledge can help answer many questions from the territorial analysis of the data. The objective of this article will be to analyze the behavior of the coronavirus pandemic within the Spanish region of Galicia. The authors of this study propose a multiscale analysis that allows deciphering the most common propagation patterns. For this, we have high spatial resolution data that has been provided by the competent authority under confidentiality. The results of this work allow us to represent and interpret the territorial impact of the pandemic, understanding its behavior as far as possible, allowing future dynamics to be predicted.

Territorial Analysis of the European Rural Development Funds (ERDF) as a Driving Factor of Ecological Agricultural Production

The Europe 2030 project identified the need to create a growth model that is based on a dynamic balance between economic, social, and environmental dimensions. This involves, among other objectives, redirecting the resources that are allocated to the Common Agricultural Plan (CAP) toward more ecological agriculture and livestock. In recent decades, two packages of the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) approved funds for projects related to agriculture. This study carried out a regional evaluation of the effects on production and employment that were generated in the Spanish organic farming sector. For this, a methodology that is frequently used by researchers to analyze territorial differences was used, namely, the shift-share analysis. The main results showed important differences at the regional level in the production of crops. Likewise, constant shift and constant share analyses were used to forecast the evolution of the sector from the recent data. Pending the approval of the new EAFRD 2021–2030, the results obtained in this research allowed for the identification of the regions that showed a favorable evolution to change the agricultural model and to identify the projects that generated employment and ecological production in the sector.

Matrix of Architectural Solutions for the Conflict between Transport Infrastructures, Landscape and Urban Habitat along the Mediterranean Coastline: The Case of the Maresme Region in Barcelona, Spain

Maresme is a littoral region of Barcelona (Spain) in which the railway and an important road run along the coastline with a high landscape impact. Over time, several facilities connected to these transport infrastructures have appeared, such as industries, malls, marinas or train stations. These activities profit from the easy connection but create a barrier between the inhabitants and the sea. This research follows three aspects identified in a large variety of locations along the Mediterranean coast: longitudinal mobility, transversal accessibility and landscape discontinuities. The first territorial analysis defines a series of urban problematics classified by category. Then, the most representative case studies are developed by means of urban and architectural projects. The comparative analysis of these proposals provides a catalogue of design strategies which can be combined as criteria for solving multiple conflicts detected in the region. The result of this project is a methodology based on a matrix of general guidelines to ease the solving of local conflicts in a homogeneous way for the whole territory. The final aim is to re-establish order and continuity in the Mediterranean littoral skyline, fostering sustainable mobility and recovering public space for inhabitants.

ANÁLISE GEOAMBIENTAL E PERCEPÇÃO DE UNIDADES DE PAISAGEM NO MUNICÍPIO DE GRAJAÚ-MARANHÃO

GEOENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS AND PERCEPTION OF LANDSCAPE UNITS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF GRAJAÚ-MARANHÃOANÁLISIS GEOAMBIENTAL Y PERCEPCIÓN DE UNIDADES DE PAISAJE EN EL MUNICIPIO DE GRAJAÚ-MARANHÃORESUMOO município de Grajaú está inserido no contexto da reestruturação do espaço econômico maranhense, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, integrando o cenário nacional de intensificação da ocupação humana em direção à Amazônia Oriental. A análise geoambiental contribui para compreensão dos elementos orientadores de mudanças na paisagem, enriquecendo a discussão sobre os processos de formação do espaço. Foram analisadas informações bibliográficas, dados vetoriais e de Sensoriamento Remoto, com apoio de Geoinformação, assim como dados obtidos por pesquisa qualitativa. A partir de conhecimentos sobre geologia, geomorfologia, clima, solos e de cobertura vegetal do território, em escala de 1:30.000, foram identificadas cinco unidades geoambientais, com padrões biofísicos semelhantes, reunidos em conjuntos representados cartograficamente.Palavras-chave: Análise Territorial; Unidade Geoambinetal; Grajaú; Maranhão.ABSTRACTThe municipality of Grajaú is inserted in the national context of Maranhão state’s economic space restructuring from the second half of the 20th century, integrating the national scenario of human occupation intensification towards the Eastern Amazon. Geoenvironmental analysis contributes to understanding the elements that guide changes in the landscape, thus enriching the discussion about the processes involved in space formation. Bibliographic information, vector and Remote Sensing data were analyzed with support from Geoinformation, as well as data obtained by qualitative research. Based on the knowledge about geology, geomorphology, climate, soils and vegetation cover of the territory, on a scale of 1:30.000, five geoenvironmental units were identified, with similar biophysical patterns, assembled in sets represented cartographically.Keywords: Territorial Analysis; Geoenvironmental Units; Grajaú; Maranhão. RESUMENEl municipio de Grajaú se inserta en el contexto de la reestructuración del espacio económico de Maranhão, desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX, integrando el escenario nacional de intensificación de la ocupación humana hacia la Amazonía Oriental. El análisis geoambiental contribuye a la comprensión de los elementos que guían los cambios en el paisaje, enriqueciendo la discusión sobre los procesos de formación espacial. Se analizó información bibliográfica, datos vectoriales y datos de Teledetección, con el apoyo de Geoinformación, así como los datos obtenidos por investigación cualitativa. Con base en el conocimiento sobre geología, geomorfología, clima, suelos y cobertura vegetal del territorio, en una escala de 1:30.000, se identificaron cinco unidades geoambientales, con patrones biofisicos similares, ensamblados en conjuntos representados cartográficamente.Palabras clave: Análisis Territorial; Unidade Geoambiental; Grajaú; Maranhão.

Trends of commodification in the SUS of the state of São Paulo: territorial analysis of spending on agreements and management contracts with Social Organizations

RESUMO As literaturas nacional e internacional indicam o redimensionamento do setor privado dentro dos sistemas públicos de saúde, com sua ampliação e constituição de novos arranjos. O trabalho objetiva analisar a dinâmica territorial no processo de mercantilização explícita no território do estado de São Paulo, identificando a distribuição espacial de recursos para a gestão privada de instituições públicas e a contratação de instituições sem fins lucrativos para a oferta de serviços. Recorreu-se às informações orçamentárias da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, no período de 2010 a 2017. A análise dos dados permitiu observar uma participação relevante de despesas com gestão privada de instituições públicas (25,8%) e com contratação de instituições sem fins lucrativos para oferta de serviços (12,0%) nos gastos em saúde do estado, e o aumento real dos gastos em ambas as despesas ao longo do período. A análise territorial demonstrou que a contratação de gestão privada é um fenômeno característico da principal metrópole paulista, enquanto nas demais regiões prevalecem as despesas com contratação de instituições sem fins lucrativos para a oferta de serviços. Observa-se, também, que o estado despende recursos financeiros principalmente para a contratação da gestão dos equipamentos hospitalares, seguido dos ambulatórios.

Cooperative employment cycles in Spain. Does regional localization matter?

This paper presents a territorial analysis of the cooperatives within various Spanish regions. The purpose is threefold. The first objective is to investigate whether the cooperatives’ employment cycle shows a different relationship regarding the business cycle and whether this depends on the regional localization of the cooperatives. The second is to evaluate whether the greater the cooperative tradition, the greater the decoupling between business cycle and cooperatives’ cyclical phases. The third objective is to find out if, within the different Spanish regions, those cooperatives that survived the 2008 crisis share some common patterns. Our results show that (1) more than 50% of the regions achieve a medium degree of a pro-cyclical relationship and that only a small group of regions presents a counter-cyclical relationship; (2) the cooperatives' employment exhibits a certain degree of resilience; and (3) the cooperatives that survived the crisis were mature, small-sized firms with adequate financial ratios but with a negative profit margin.