Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse in Spain: A Representative Sample Study

The prevalence of child sexual abuse (CSA) is difficult to assess, and rates vary widely across studies due to methodological and sample differences. In Spain, prevalence data from representative samples are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of different CSA experiences in a sample that was representative of the Spanish population in terms of gender, age, and region. The sample comprised 1,071 (539 male and 532 female) Spanish adults ( Mage = 45.37; SD = 14.84). Participants completed an anonymous online survey about different types of CSA and were asked whether they had disclosed the experience at the time. Prevalence was analyzed as a function of gender and generation. Results indicated prevalence rates ranging from 2.8% to 18.5%, depending on the type of experience. The most common experience suffered during childhood was being shown pornographic material, while that with the lowest prevalence was being forced to perform a sexual act involving penetration. Prevalence was higher in females than males for eight of the ten experiences considered. Young adults from Generation Z were the most likely to report having suffered three of the CSA experiences, two of them related to technology. Only 27.5% of respondents said that they had told someone about the abuse at the time, mainly their mother (more common among females) or a friend/peer (more frequent among males). The results suggest that CSA is prevalent in Spain, with considerable rates for several types of abusive experience, especially among females and the youngest generation. The implications of the results are discussed. The findings may inform social policy and the development of effective prevention programs.

Preventing the Wrongful Criminalization of Online Gender-based Violence Victims: A Look into Law No. 44 of 2008 on Pornography

Undang-Undang No. 44 Tahun 2008 tentang Pornografi secara eksplisit melarang keras pembuatan konten yang mengandung pornografi, namun disisi lain, Penjelasan Pasal 4 ayat (1) pada Undang-Undang tersebut secara implisit memberikan hak bagi masyarakat untuk membuat materi pornografi selama ditujukan untuk diri sendiri dan demi kepentingan sendiri. Hal ini membuat adanya perdebatan yang dipengaruhi juga oleh nilai-nilai dasar bangsa Indonesia sebagai negara yang beradab dan beragama. Dalam prakteknya, Pasal 4 ayat (1) UU No. 44 Tahun 2008 tidak jarang disalahgunakan untuk menjadikan korban Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online (KBGO) sebagai tersangka dalam kasus pornografi. Melalui pendekatan feminis dan berorientasi korban, Penelitian ini akan membahas bagaimana UU No. 44 Tahun 2008 tentang Pornografi dimanfaatkan baik sengaja atau tidak sengaja, sebagai senjata dalam reviktimisasi perempuan korban KBGO. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan yuridis-normatif dimana Penelitian ini didasari atas analisa terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku di Indonesia serta studi literatur. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pada UU No. 44 Tahun 2008 tentang Pornografi terdapat perbedaan norma yaitu antara Pasal 4 ayat (1) dengan Penjelasan Pasal 4 ayat (1). Selanjutnya, dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbedaan norma tersebut disertai dengan pendekatan penegak hukum di Indonesia yang cenderung konservatif, memicu fenomena dimana korban KBGO yang seharusnya dilindungi justru dikriminalisasi ===== Law No. 44 of 2008 on Pornography explicitly condemned the creation of pornographic content, on the other hand, the Elucidation of Art. 4 (1) of the Law implicitly grants the right for the people to create pornographic material so long as it is intended for oneself and one’s interest. This issue has caused a debate that is also influenced by the fundamental values of Indonesia as a nation that is civilized and religious. In practice, Art. 4 (1) of Law No. 44 of 2008 on Pornography is often misused to cause victims of Online Gender-based Violence into suspects of cases of pornography. Using the feminist approach and victim-oriented perspective, this Research will discuss how Law No. 44 of 2008 on Pornography is utilized, on purpose or otherwise, as a weapon in revictimizing women who are victims of Online Gender-based Violence. The Author used the juridical-normative method in which the Research is constructed based on the analysis of Indonesian laws and regulations as well as literature studies. The results of this Research found that there are contradicting norms within Law No. 44 of 2008 on Pornography specifically between Art. 4 (1) and its Elucidation. Furthermore, it can be concluded that such contradicting norms complemented with the approach of Indonesian law enforcers which tends to be conservative, precipitated a phenomenon in which victims of Online Gender-based Violence who are supposed to be protected ended up criminalized.

COVID-19 lockdown: impact on online gambling, online shopping, web navigation and online pornography

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and control measures may have had an impact on unpleasant emotions experimented during the lockdown (LD). This may have increased the number of hours spent online and could have impacted the quality of the enacted behavior, in terms of loss of control of Internet use. In this online survey, we were interested in measure how much loss of control was perceived regarding online gambling, online shopping, the fruition of online pornographic content and web navigation.Design and methods: The online survey was carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic in the post-lockdown and 1232 subjects participated in the survey. In the participating sample, healthcare workers (HW) were 43.1% of the sample, of which 18.7% were directly involved in the Coronavirus emergency, and 52.3% of the sample is not a HW. Only 0.6% of the sample gambled online and 37.5% of those reported losing control of their gambling mode. Most of the sample shopped online during the LD (70.1%), but only 7.2% of those lost control by buying and/or spending more than what they had set themselves.Results: Significant data emerged showing that those who lost control while online shopping also lost control regarding the amount of time spent online (p<0.001); 21.6% of the sample, reported making use of online pornographic material during LD, 4.7% of them stated that the frequency increased and 5.1% reported losing control by having spent more money or more time than what was intended. Finally, 44.7% of the sample have experienced loss of control during the web navigation. Furthermore, during the LD 67.8% of the sample reports having experienced unpleasant emotions. Of these, 8.4% state that they enacted behaviors such as online gambling, online shopping, online pornographic material viewing and web navigation to counter their negative emotions. Interestingly, we found a correlation between loss of control during web navigation and online shopping and the emotional states “upset”, “scared” and “restless” (p<0.05).Conclusion: To conclude, there was no significant increase in potentially addictive behaviors, nor an increase in loss of control of these behaviors when enacted online. However, the loss of control in online shopping and web navigation was significantly correlated to the unpleasant emotional states of nervousness, fear and restlessness, whereas those who reported feeling strong and able to handle the situation experienced a lower loss of control in their web navigation. These correlations may suggest that these online behaviors may act as modulators of unpleasant emotional states.

The Probabability Models for Risk of Vulnerability to STDs / HIV Infections among Pre-Marital Female Migrants

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS, while many viruses can be controlled by the immune system but not a HIV virus. According to an estimate of UNAIDS (1998) although HIV prevalence rate is low (around 1 percent), the overall number of people with HIV infection to high. The majority of the reported AIDS cases have occurred in the sexually active and economically productive age group. Earlier men were main transmitters of the disease but now studies are showing that females are also transmitting the disease to males. The proposed model is tested set of data on the number of young unmarried female migrants and is satisfactory. According to the present study, the value of X 2 =5.733 with three degree of freedom at 5% level of significance indicate that the proposed probability model fitted well to the distribution of female migrants. The estimated value of = 0.8039 of the proportion of female migrants having at least one boy friend is very high because most at the young migrants believe that their friends watch pornographic material with us and they are more vulnerable to STDs and HIV/AIDs. The present study states that the probability of closed boyfriends attached with the young unmarried female migrants is p = 0.4400 which is also approaching to fifty percent.

Automated Nudity Recognition using Very Deep Residual Learning Network

The exponentially growing number of pornographic material has brought many challenges to the modern daily life, particularly where children and minors have unlimited access to the internet. In Malaysia, all local and foreign films should obtain the suitability approval before distribution or public viewing, and this process of screening visual contents of all the TV channels imposes a huge censorship cost to the service providers such as Unifi TV. To leverage this issue, this paper proposes to use an emerging model of Deep Learning (DL) techniques called Residual Learning Convolutional Neural Networks (ResNet), in order to automate the process of nudity detection in visual contents. The pre-trained ResNet model, with hundred and one layers, was utilized to perform transfer learning and solve a new binary classification problem of nudity versus non-nudity. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated based on a newly created dataset comprising more than 4k samples of nudity and non-nudity images. After conducting experiments on the nudity dataset, the deep learning method succeeded to achieve the best performance of 70.42% in term of F-score, 84.04% in term of accuracy, and 93.72% in term of AUC .

Exposing children to pornography: How competing constructions of childhood shape state regulation of online pornographic material

This article discusses policy debates in the United Kingdom and Australia concerning the regulation of online pornographic content as it relates to children. Through a thematic analysis of qualitative interviews with key stakeholders at the negotiation table, we find that rather than positivist notions of the ‘developing’ and ‘vulnerable’ child dominating policy discourse, post-modern representations of the ‘savvy’ and ‘agentic’ child have come to dominate policy culture and outcomes. In this scenario, the regulatory role of states in providing media protection is diminished, while neoliberal forms of governance that emphasise the responsibility of individuals, including parents and children, have come to dominate the emerging policy landscape.

DISONANSI KOGNITIF PADA PEREMPUAN PECANDU PORNOGRAFI

Based on a Google Trends survey, Indonesia is ranked as the world's top 10 consuming pornographic material for the types of keywords that are related to sex, and an average of 20% of all categories are conducted by student-aged adolescents. This study aims to describe how cognitive dissonance is experienced by women who are addicted to pornography. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data was collected by observation and interview, the subject of the study was a woman who had been exposed to pornography since sitting in elementary school. The results of the study explained that the source of the occurrence of cognitive dissonance of the subject was due to a discrepancy between the subject's beliefs and assessment of the new environment towards the subject's habit of watching pornographic videos. Cognitive dissonance experienced by women who are addicted to pornography is the emergence of feelings of anxiety, feelings of guilt, sin, feelings of fear are considered 'disgusting', and also feel their behavior is only a waste of time.

Cybercrime and sexual exploitation of children in e-environment in the context of strengthening urban and rural security

Among various types of threats to urban and rural security, there has been an increase in cybercrime in recent years, an increase in criminal offenses in the e-environment. This also applies to the sexual exploitation of children in the e-environment. Sexual violence against children in cyberspace is linked to objectively determined factors, such as the development of Internet technologies and their wide availability. The active efforts of children to learn and use the new technologies, the attractiveness of the virtual environment in contrast to the real situation and the ambiguous and in many cases incomprehensible nature, as well as the saturation of pornographic material in the Internet, the weak control of their distribution, should be noted. Due to the increasing availability of the Internet, the expansion of e-services in cities and rural areas is relatively balanced. An Internet user may be at risk in both big cities and in a less populated rural area. Among Internet users the proportion of young people and children is relatively high, which objectively determines their increased victimization potential. Among threats to children related to the e-environment, multiple forms of child sexual abuse, including cyberbullying, sextings, sextorings, cyberstalkings, are increasing.

EL FEMICIDIO COMO CONSECUENCIA DE LA VIOLENCIA SEXUAL EXTREMA Y LA PORNOGRAFÍA

El femicidio es una problemática social de gran envergadura en el país, debido a ello se planteó como objetivo determinar en qué medida el femicidio es consecuencia de la violencia sexual extrema generada por la pornografía, aplicando la metodología descriptiva, cuali-cuantitativa, bibliográfica, de campo, con uso de la encuesta y entrevista a una muestra de egresados de las Facultades de Jurisprudencia y Ciencias Sociales y Políticas; y, Psicología de la Universidad de Guayaquil y de dos expertos, respectivamente, cuyos resultados reflejaron que el femicidio presentó tendencia incremental en Ecuador, duplicación en el 2016, evidenciándose que existe relación entre la violencia sexual extrema y la visualización frecuente de material pornográfico de alto impacto, al que se tiene fácil acceso a cualquier edad por el uso de la tecnología moderna, en conclusión, el femicidio puede ser una consecuencia de la violencia sexual extrema que a su vez tiene implicaciones directas con la pornografía. Palabras clave: Femicidio, violencia sexual, pornografía. ABSTRACT Femicide is a social problem of great importance in Ecuador, due to which the objective of this research was to determine to what extent femicide is a consequence of the extreme sexual violence generated by pornography, applying the descriptive, qualitative-quantitative, bibliographic methodology of field; in addition, a survey and an interview were applied to a sample of graduates of the Faculties of Jurisprudence and Social Science and Politic and Psychology of the University of Guayaquil and along with two experts, respectively, whose results reflected that femicide presented an incremental trend in Ecuador, duplication in 2016, evidencing that there is a relationship between extreme sexual violence and frequent visualization of high impact pornographic material, which is easily accessible at any age by the use of modern technology, in conclusion, femicide may be a consequence of sexual violence extreme that in turn has direct implications with pornography.