Dukungan Sosial Untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Psikologis Caregiver Pada Pasien Skizofrenia : Literature Review

Schizophrenia is a condition of inability to think logically. There is a disturbance in motor activity. Caregivers are vulnerable to burdens and stress that can interfere with their role as companions and fuctions in the family. Therefore, social support are needed so that caregivers cab face the stress and burden of caring for schizophrenic patient. The study aimed to determined social supports to Improve The Psychological Well-Being of caregivers of schizophrenia patients based on available evidence. The study used a literature review method. The databased used to search article were PubMed,Science Direct, and GARUDA.there were five article selected based on the suitability of the specified keywords, topic, and inclusion dan exclusion criteria. The articles were published in the 2012-2021 period. The instrument used was the Hawker instrument. There were 5 types of social support found in the articles. Those were social support as a coping streategy, instrumental social support in increasing patient interaction with other, maladaptive coping strategies used by family caregivers, instrumental social support which was positively related to social interaction andshowed lower levels of psychotic symptoms, social support perceived by family caregiver which played and important role as it improved their psychological-well being. These five social support to improve caregiver psychological well-being in schizophrenic patients are obtained from valid scientific avidence. Therefore, they can be used as scientific references to be applied as nursing care intervention.Keywords :Caregiver;schizophrenia;social support;psychological well-being AbstrakSkizofrenia merupakan keadaan dimanapemikiran tidak saling berhubungan secara logis dan adanya gangguan aktivitas motorik. Caregiver rentan mengalami beban dan stress yang dapat menganggu perannya sebagai pendamping dan fungsi dalam keluarga. Sehingga diperlukan dukungan sosial agar caregiver dapat menghadapi stress dan beban dalam merawat pasien skizofrenia.Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui dukungan sosial untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan psikologis caregiver pasien skizofrenia berdasarkan evidence yang tersedia. Penelitian menggunakan metode literature review. Database yang digunakan untuk pencarian artikel adalah PubMed, Science Direct, GARUDA. Artikel diseleksi berdasarkan kesesuaian dengan kata kunci, topik serta kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang ditentukan. Artikel digunakan dalam penelitian berjumlah 5 artikel yang terbit pada rentang waktu 2012-2021. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah instrumen Hawker. Terdapat temuan berupa 5 macam dukungan sosial untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan psikologis caregiver pada pasien skizofrenia; dukungan sosial sebagai strategi koping, dukungan sosial instrumental meningkatkan interaksi pasien dengan orang lain, pengasuh keluarga menggunakan strategi koping maladaptif, dukungan sosial instrumental berhubungan positif dengan interaksi sosial dan menunjukan tingkat gejala psikotik lebih rendah, dukungan sosial yang dipersepsikan oleh family caregiver berperan penting karena dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan psikologisnya. Kelimadukungan sosial untuk meningkatkan psikologis caregiver pada pasien skizofrenia ini didapatkan dari bukti ilmiah yang valid sehingga dapat dijadikan referensi ilmiah untuk diaplikasikan sebagai intervensi asuhan keperawatan.Kata kunci: caregiver;dukungan sosial;kesejahteraan psikologis;skizofrenia

The Silent Majority: Aging With HIV

Those over the age of 50 represent the majority of people living with HIV (PWH), most of the HIV research, prevention and service retention work is targeted at ‘at-risk’ communities under age 50. Given this diverse and growing population, intersections of age with HIV need to be prioritized. This focus would actively increase quality of care and life experience for older PWH and the growing numbers transitioning into old age. Using local, national, and international data, this symposium will highlight the unmet social needs of older PWH. Presentations will provide evidence of unmet need, decreased self-esteem, enhanced health burden, and the damaging nature of stigma. Given the impact of COVID-19 globally, the data will further demonstrate the need to support immunocompromised older PWH. Older PWH are a marginalized community and the effects of COVID-19 have been disproportionately severe. With the adverse health outcomes experienced because of COVID-19 and intersectional stigma, it is important to understand the support structures that are and are not in place for older PWH. Advance care directives make up an integral part of future planning, especially for those living with chronic health concerns, yet little research has previously evidenced the steps taken by OPWH. Finally, using data from sub-Saharan Africa, emotional and instrumental social support sufficiency will be described to highlight the unmet needs of these older PWH. Our discussion will focus on the need for policies and programs to support this growing segment of the HIV population with increasingly diverse and unmet needs.

The Mediating Effect of Social Support of Older Korean Adults’ Volunteering on the Relational and Life Satisfaction

For older adults wanting to maintain good health and stay active after retirement, volunteering is an important activity. Social capital is important factor for volunteering. Social support as a social capital, is a contributing factor that is important and needed by older adults who volunteer. Also as a result from volunteering, older adults can increase their social support through volunteering. This study examined whether emotional and instrumental social support mediate volunteering on both relational and life satisfaction. This study used the 6th additional wave of the Korean Retirement and Income Study (2016). Subjects for this study are over 60 years old and the sample size is 280. For data analysis Baron and Kenny's triangular regression analysis and the Sobel test were used for data analysis. Demographic variables were controlled. Volunteer variables such as volunteering asked by others or self-motivated, whether only one type of volunteering or more, professional volunteering, and volunteer hours were used as independent variables. Emotional and instrumental social support were used as mediators. Relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction variables were used as dependent variables. Emotional and instrumental support partially mediate volunteering asked by others to influence relational and life satisfaction. In addition, emotional support and instrumental support mediate “more than one kind of volunteering” to influence relationship satisfaction. As such, emotional and instrumental support through volunteering has a mediating effect on relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction.

Social Relations and Contact With General Practitioner in a Middle-aged Danish Population: A Prospective Register- and Survey-Based Cohort Study

Background: Findings about the relationship between individuals’ social relations and general practitioner (GP) contact are ambiguous as to whether weak social relations are associated with an increased or decreased consultation pattern. Furthermore, social relations may affect GP contact differently for men compared to women, between socioeconomic groups and according to perceived need. The overall aim of the study is to examine the association between functional aspects of social relations, perceived emotional and instrumental social support, the tendency to consult a GP and the frequency of GP contact. Methods: The study comprised 6911 individuals aged 49–61 at baseline from the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank (CAMB). We conducted a two-part regression to explore the association between perceived emotional and instrumental social support and GP contact (tendency and frequency), controlling for age, sex, occupational social class, cohabitation status and number of morbidities. Conclusions: Results show no overall effect of the perceived social support aspects of social relations on GP contact. Trial registration: The study has been registered and approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency and the local ethical committee (approval No.H-A-2008-126 and No. 2013-41-1814).

Sense of coherence and strategies for coping with stress among nurses

Background The nursing profession is associated with constant presence of difficult situations and stress, which arise from responsibility for the highest values – human life and health. With demographic changes in the society, the demand for nursing care increases. Looking after the health of nursing staff becomes a non-material investment in employees. One of the most important health potentials described in literature is the sense of coherence. It can significantly contribute to maintaining good health, modify one’s functioning in a stressful working environment and influence the choice of strategies for coping with stress. Aim The aim of the study was to describe the specific relationship between the sense of coherence and strategies for coping with stress in a group of professionally active nurses. Methodology and methods The study involved 91 nurses in central Poland, aged 22–52. The group was diversified in terms of: education, work system, marital status and place of residence. The study was conducted with the use of: Sense of Coherence Questionnaire SOC-29 and Inventory to Measure Coping Strategies with Stress - Mini-COPE. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of scientific research set out in the Helsinki Declaration. Results The sense of coherence value in the test group was M = 134.24 (SD = 19.55). In stressful situations nurses most often used active strategies to cope with stress: Planning M = 2.10 (SD = 0.54), Seeking Emotional Social Support M = 1.95 (SD = 0.68) and Seeking Instrumental Social Support M = 1.95 (SD = 0.69), and the least frequently: Alcohol/Drug Use M = 0.28 (SD = 0.48). The level of the sense of coherence and its components differentiated the strategies of coping with stress used in the examined group of nurses. Conclusions The research confirmed that the sense of coherence serves as a health potential in a stressful working environment - a high sense of coherence translate into better mental health, correct functioning in the working environment, and using adaptive strategies of coping with stress. Nurses with a stronger sense of coherence used more adaptive strategies to deal with stress than those with average or low levels.

The balance of giving versus receiving social support and all-cause mortality in a US national sample

While numerous studies exist on the benefits of social support (both receiving and giving), little research exists on how the balance between the support that individuals regularly give versus that which they receive from others relates to physical health. In a US national sample of 6,325 adults from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, participants were assessed at baseline on hours of social support given and received on a monthly basis, with all-cause mortality data collected from the National Death Index over a 23-y follow-up period. Participants who were relatively balanced in the support they gave compared to what they received had a lower risk of all-cause mortality than those who either disproportionately received support from others (e.g., received more hours of support than they gave each month) or disproportionately gave support to others (e.g., gave many more hours of support a month than they received). These findings applied to instrumental social support (e.g., help with transportation, childcare). Additionally, participants who gave a moderate amount of instrumental social support had a lower risk of all-cause mortality than those who either gave very little support or those who gave a lot of support to others. Associations were evident over and above demographic, medical, mental health, and health behavior covariates. Although results are correlational, one interpretation is that promoting a balance, in terms of the support that individuals regularly give relative to what they receive in their social relationships, may not only help to strengthen the social fabric of society but may also have potential physical health benefits.

Association Between Social Relationships, Depressive Symptoms, Food Security, Usual Protein Intake and Healthcare Utilization in Homebound Older Adults: A PATH Analysis

Objectives This study aimed to measure the direct and indirect relationships between food insecurity (FI), dietary intake (DI), social relationships (SR), depressive symptoms (DS) and their impact on healthcare utilization (HU) in older adults receiving home-delivered meals (HDM) using data from the national 2015–17 Outcomes Evaluation Study. Methods The 2015–2017 Outcomes Evaluation Study is a multistage, clustered, longitudinal observational study of 641 older adults; 306 HDM recipients, and 335 matching controls. Study participants were homebound older adults aged 67 years and older. Measurements: Demographic, health-related, dietary and hospitalization data were obtained using a Client Outcomes Survey, 24-hour dietary recalls and Medicare files. Structural equation modeling was used to measure the direct and indirect relationships between FI, SR, DS, HU and DI (usual protein intake), estimated using the National Cancer Institute's statistical modeling method. Results HDM recipients’ mean usual protein intake (34.0 grams) was significantly higher than controls (31.8 grams), but both groups had mean usual protein intakes that were lower than recommendations. FI prevalence in HDM recipients and controls was 25.1% and 16.0%; respectively. Greater severity of FI was associated with lower usual protein intake in both groups. Receiving instrumental social support was directly associated with lesser severity of FI in HDM recipients, and higher FI was associated with more DS only in controls. Eating alone was associated with lower usual protein intake and greater hospitalizations in the controls. Conclusions HDM recipients and controls may be at a high risk for protein insufficiency, further underscored by the high prevalence of FI. Received instrumental social support can play an important role among HDM recipients and controls, both vulnerable populations. Findings also highlight the need for validated tools to measure different aspects of social relationships in older adults. Funding Sources No funding sources to declare.

Intimate partner violence and social connection among married women in rural Bangladesh

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) is high among married women in Bangladesh. Social isolation is a well-established correlate of women’s exposure to IPV, but the role of such factors in low-income and middle-income countries is not well understood. In this study, we explore whether social connection is protective against IPV among married women in rural Bangladesh.MethodsData were drawn from a multistage, stratified, population-based longitudinal sample of 3355 married women in rural Bangladesh, who were surveyed on individual and contextual risk factors of IPV. Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the association between three different domains of social connection (natal family contact, female companionship and instrumental social support), measured at baseline in 2013, and the risk of three different forms of IPV (psychological, physical and sexual), approximately 10 months later, adjusted for woman’s level of education, spouse’s level of education, level of household wealth, age and age of marriage.ResultsAdjusted models showed that instrumental social support was associated with a lower risk of past year psychological IPV (risk ratio (RR)=0.84, 95% CI 0.769 to 0.914), sexual IPV (RR=0.90, 95% CI 0.822 to 0.997) and physical IPV (RR=0.81, 95% CI 0.718 to 0.937). Natal family contact was also associated with a lower risk of each type of IPV, but not in a graded fashion. Less consistent associations were observed with female companionship.ConclusionOur findings suggest that social connection, particularly in the form of instrumental support, may protect married women in rural Bangladesh from experiencing IPV.

The Impact of Social Support on Treatment Participation and Completion in a Disability Prevention Intervention for Older Adults

Objectives: This study evaluates the role of emotional and instrumental social support on treatment participation and completion using the Positive Minds-Strong Bodies (PMSB) disability prevention program. Methods: Data from a multisite randomized controlled trial of the PMSB program for older adults (≥60 years) with physical impairment and mild to severe depression and/or anxiety were used. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 10 sessions of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) plus 36 sessions of group exercise or usual care. Results: Adjusting for covariates, higher levels of emotional social support at baseline were associated with increased odds of completing the recommended number of CBT sessions (6 or more, OR = 2.58, p = .030), attending 5.56 more exercise sessions ( p = .006), and increased odds of completing the recommended exercise sessions (25 or more, OR = 2.37, p = .047). Discussion: Emotional social support appears to increase dosage in a disability prevention program.

Relative Risk of Intimate Partner Violence According to Access to Instrumental Social Support Among Pregnant Women in Eswatini Whose Partners Do and Do Not Drink Alcohol

Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects one in three women around the world and is the tenth leading cause of death for women in Africa aged 15 to 29 years. Partner alcohol use, access to social support, and poverty all affect women’s likelihood of experiencing violence. We sought to understand how partner alcohol use differentially affected the hypothesized association between a protective role of instrumental social support (in the form of food or financial loans) against IPV for a clinic-based sample of women in the Kingdom of Eswatini (formerly known as Swaziland). We use cross-sectional data from a parent study of women recruited from urban and rural antenatal clinics in Eswatini ( n = 393) to calculate the association between experiencing IPV and perception of one’s ability access to large cash loans, small cash loans, and food loans—both for the full sample and stratified by partner alcohol use. In fully adjusted models, the perception that one could access loans of food or money was associated with decreased relative risk of IPV for all women. These associations were modified by partner alcohol use. Access to instrumental support (loans of food or money) is associated with decreased risk of IPV, but this association varies according to the type of loan and whether or not a woman’s partner drinks alcohol. Economic empowerment interventions to reduce IPV must be carefully tailored to ensure they are appropriate for a woman’s specific individual, relationship, and community context.