Appropriate technology application of traditional clove oil production, effort to up-grade quality

In East Java, the production of clove leaf oil refinement is developed by businesses owned by rural people. The processing operation is simple and start-up investment is low. The clove leaf oil manufacturing procedure uses old leaves that fall naturally in the dry season, these are found to be better preserved, mature and environmentally friendly. East Java rural distillers use a single boiler for steam, water and raw materials in order for the investment costs to remain low. This study aimed to research the use of appropriate technology for the clove leaf distillation process and how to increase clove oil both in yield and quality. Two different tests were conducted; introducing a leaf crusher as a raw material and replace the old chamber material with stainless steel. There are three grades of raw materials; rough leaves, smooth leaves, and non-crushed leaves. After the clove leaves were crushed, they are distilled in the new stainless steel boiler with an aim to compare the oil yield and quality. The result from the crushed leaves treatment indicates there are different volume condensates produced from the same volume of raw materials, 128.2 litres from smooth grade and 117.2 litres from rough grade leaves. The highest percentage of clove oil (15.07%) results from rough grade crushed leaves. By replacing the chamber material with stainless steel positively affects the brightness of the clove oil. In conclusion, these two tests, to improve appropriate technology for clove oil production, can increase both yield and oil brightness, and subsequently improve the competitive advantage and future aspiration of the product.

Assessing the Impact of Oil Types and Grades on Tocopherol and Tocotrienol Contents in Vegetable Oils with Chemometric Methods

The consumption of vegetable oil is an important way for the body to obtain tocols. However, the impact of oil types and grades on the tocopherol and tocotrienol contents in vegetable oils is unclear. In this study, nine types of traditional edible oils and ten types of self-produced new types of vegetable oil were used to analyze eight kinds of tocols. The results showed that the oil types exerted a great impact on the tocol content of traditional edible oils. Soybean oils, corn oils, and rapeseed oils all could be well distinguished from sunflower oils. Both sunflower oils and cotton seed oils showed major differences from camellia oils as well as sesame oils. Among them, rice bran oils contained the most abundant types of tocols. New types of oil, especially sacha inchi oil, have provided a new approach to obtaining oils with a high tocol content. Oil refinement leads to the loss of tocols in vegetable oil, and the degree of oil refinement determines the oil grade. However, the oil grade could not imply the final tocol content in oil from market. This study could be beneficial for the oil industry and dietary nutrition.

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Waste in the Synthesis of Oligo(Ether-Ester)s

In this study, the waste of sunflower oil refinement was converted to a fatty acid glycidyl ester (FAGE). An unsaturated oligo(ether-ester) (OEE) was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization using propylene oxide (PO) and FAGE. Oligo(ether-ester) production was achieved with a high yield of 80% at 5 h and 0°C when the mole ratio of PO : FAGE was 1 : 1. Synthesized OEE was characterized by FTIR and several chemical analysis methods. According to the TGA results, T5, T10, and T50 values of OEE-styrene copolymers increased up to a 7 : 3 mole ratio then decreased. The weight losses of these copolymers changed in the range of 3-5%. The data of longitudinal and transversal wave velocities showed that copolymers with styrene had better elastic properties and impact resistances compared to those with pure polystyrene.

Synthesis and Application of a Spirocompound as Clean Viscosity-Reducer for Crude Oil

Heavy oil transportation has become a highly technical operation facing complex difficulties. One of the major difficulties in the pipeline transportation is the high viscosity that requires efficient and economical ways to deal with. The typical polymer viscosity reducers are a negative problem during oil refinement process for their chemical properties. The objective of this study is to seek small molecular compound, different from the traditional polymers, to reduce the viscosity of the crude oil. In this work, a spirocompound, 3,9-diphenyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-spiro[5.5]undecane, was synthesized catalyzed by zeolite and modified zeolite, and the product was fully characterized by NMR, MS, and TG. Then, it was used as viscosity reducer for crude oil. The factors such as dosage and temperature on the viscosity behavior have been studied. The results showed a significant viscosity reduction at different temperature, and the most economical dosage is 500 ppm. The multiphenyl groups can interact with asphaltene byπ-πstacking, and the spirostructure can fix the stacking in different direction, which can prevent the agglomeration of wax crystals.

INFLUENCE OF MANUFACTURING METHODS ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF RAPESEED OIL LUBRICANTS

Tribological properties of rapeseed oils manufactured and processed by different methods and modified by the anti-wear additives were analysed. Tribological tests presented that unrefined rapeseed oil has better wear resistance compared to refined oil. Modification of rapeseed oil with 2% of special biological anti-wear additives has the greatest influence on refined rapeseed oil. Chemical analysis shows that refinement removes acids from oil. Refinement and lower acidity allows more efficient operation of special biological anti-wear additives.

Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction from Rice Bran Demonstrates Potent Radiation Protection Activity

The vitamin E analogsδ-tocotrienol (DT3) andγ-tocotrienol (GT3) have significant protective and mitigative capacity against the detrimental effects of ionizing radiation (IR). However, the expense of purification limits their potential use. This study examined the tocotrienol-rich fraction of rice bran (TRFRB) isolated from rice bran deodorizer distillate, a rice oil refinement waste product, to determine its protective effects against IR induced oxidative damage and H2O2. Several cell lines were treated with tocotrienols or TRFRB prior to or following exposure to H2O2or IR. To determine the radioprotective capacity cells were analyzed for morphology, mitochondrial bioenergetics, clonogenic survival, glutathione oxidation, cell cycle, and migration rate. TRFRB displayed similar antioxidant activity compared to pure tocotrienols. Cells pretreated with TRFRB or DT3 exhibited preserved cell morphology and mitochondrial respiration when exposed to H2O2. Oxidized glutathione was decreased in TRFRB treated cells exposed to IR. TRFRB reversed mitochondrial uncoupling and protected cells migration rates following IR exposure. The protective antioxidant capacity of TRFRB treated cells against oxidative injury was similar to that of purified DT3. TRFRB effectively protects normal cells against IR induced injury suggesting that rice bran distillate may be an inexpensive and abundant alternate source.