Ekonomichna bezpeka Ukrainy yak peredumova zabezpechennia yii suverenitetu

Economic security is an integral part of national security. As history shows, a strong economy is a prerequisite for the power of the state, its place and role in the world community. From the second half of the twentieth century economic development issues have become an integral part of the national security ideas of both the scientific community and the governments of most countries. While in some countries the emphasis is primarily on the economic power and economic sovereignty of the state, in others – on the issues related to «energy», «technological», «food» security or protection of the state from global and regional economic cataclysms, or the danger of «economic espionage». Economic security is the foundation of national security and at the same time it is closely interconnected with its other components. Also it is the basis for ensuring its subspecies such as military, political, environmental, information and others. The need to ensure economic security at the macro level is growing in connection with the development of globalization and integration processes in the second half of the twentieth century. Globalization and economic integration, on the one hand, threaten economic sovereignty and, on the other, create new opportunities for economic growth. In the context of economic globalization and regional integration, it is extremely important to reveal the essence of ensuring the economic security of the state. To achieve the goal of studying the economic security of the modern state, it is necessary to consider theoretical and methodological approaches to ensuring economic security.

A Moral Stretch? US–Tariff Measures and the Public Morals Exception in WTO Law

The ‘public morals’ exception remains a key aspect of the international trade system; however, its outer bounds have never been precisely defined. This question became pertinent in the US–Tariff Measures panel report, which expansively read the exception to justify a wide range of economic interests, including prohibitions on economic espionage, anti-competitive behaviour, and the regulation of government takings. This note challenges the panel's interpretation, arguing that it is flawed and essentially amounts to a factual standard of review. It proposes an alternative approach to public morals review, which involves an objective standard of review of facts and law, while providing adequate deference to Members’ own factual determinations. It further engages with the issue of extraterritoriality, defending an approach based on Members’ legislative jurisdiction as this strikes a balance between Members’ right to regulate trade for moral purposes and the interests of the international community.

UNFAIR COMPETITION AS A HYBRID FINANCIAL CONFLICT

Effective fight against unfair competition is one of the priorities of state policy and development strategy of each business unit. At the same time, in today's difficult economic environment, exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic, many businesses face numerous hybrid financial conflicts, including unfair competition. In this context, the article substantiates the need to find new ways to combat this destructive phenomenon. The author considers the approaches of scientists to understanding the essence of unfair competition and the peculiarities of its legislative regulation. An analysis of the impact of unfair competition on the financial and economic activities of business entities in Ukraine. The article notes that with a fairly broad interpretation of the essence of the concept of «unfair competition» is not always possible to correctly classify certain methods of competition. Blurred boundaries between healthy and unfair competition are a prerequisite for hybrid financial conflicts. The author identifies key manifestations of unfair competition, in particular: economic espionage, influence on consumers by manipulating information, counterfeiting competitors, bribery and blackmail, corruption, financial fraud. Technologies of interaction of unfair competitors with employees of the victim enterprise in order to obtain its confidential financial information are described. These are various negotiations, which often take place through bribery or with elements of psychological pressure, in particular, intimidation, blackmail. In addition, it is determined that in the implementation of unfair competitive activities are actively used technologies of interaction with government agencies and due to corruption mechanisms gain a competitive advantage. Technologies of interaction with the media are also revealed, the purpose of which is to form a favorable public opinion for competitors about the activities of the victim enterprise and to compromise the management of the business entity and products or services offered by it on the market. The article examines the most common types of unfair actions that are carried out in order to achieve undue advantages in competition. In order to counteract unfair actions by competitors, the need to balance the financial interests of market participants is justified, in particular, emphasis is placed on the need for competitive intelligence to raise awareness of potential threats from competitors and protect the internal environment from economic espionage.

TRADE SECRECY AND ITS ROLE IN COMBATING THE STATE OF THE SHADOW ECONOMY

This article deals with the study of commercial secrecy and its role in the development of the shadow economy. The article describes the concept and specifics of the development of the shadow economy. Features of the development of the shadow economy and its development in the State have been identified. The author defines the role of commercial secrecy as one of the tools of the expression of shadow economy. Economic espionage is defined as a means of causing harm to the activities of economic agents and the State as a whole. Through fraud and various illegal activities, business-related methods and technologies can be identified for use in other entities or for other purposes. Such actions cause economic damage to economic agents. With global digitization, more and more information is being converted to electronic mode. It becomes more difficult to implement than it does with paper-based documents. The conclusion is that there is a need to develop regulatory requirements to define the security aspects of commercial activities and ways to ensure their safety. This will help to minimize the shadow economy

Reforms equip China for high-tech wars

Subject The Chinese military's Strategic Support Force. Significance China’s newly created Strategic Support Force unifies the Chinese military’s formerly separate space, cyberspace, electromagnetic and psychological warfare components. The force, officially launched in 2015 but still under development, will be crucial for China’s military to operate further overseas and will deepen its capability for ‘joint operations’ involving multiple service arms. Impacts Historical differences in training, systems and culture will slow the development of the newly merged components into a combat-ready force. Economic espionage will probably shift from the military to the civilian intelligence agencies, particularly the Ministry of State Security. Lack of a strong cybersecurity industry will leave China’s own government, military and critical national infrastructure vulnerable.

Time for a National Security Strategy

The global environment is becoming more complex and aggressive, with numerous threats from, undesirable foreign influence, traditional, political and economic espionage, organised crime, bio-security; natural disasters, pandemics, and terrorism. New Zealand has experienced all of these. With this extensive, but by no means exhaustive list, the question must be asked, why then does New Zealand not have a national security strategy, one that focuses the nation’s resources on reducing these threats and risks? A national security strategy is not one that needs to give away all of the state’s secrets, it can simply be a framework for collaboration across the government on national security. It should be the basis for a joined up approach across government to crisis management and conflict. What New Zealand currently has is a collection of unrelated documents with varying levels of connectivity to national security – the only forward looking documents are those from the New Zealand Defence Force. New Zealand needs to adopt a forward looking strategic approach to national security and develop a national security strategy. This strategy needs to align the policies of different government agencies towards a cohesive national security framework that targets our most important threats, so that the harm they cause does not eventuate or is mitigated.