scholarly journals KONSEP DEFERRED PROSECUTION AGREEMENT (DPA) DALAM PERTANGGUNG-JAWABAN PIDANA KORPORASI SEBAGAI BENTUK ALTERNATIF PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA

Arena Hukum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-545
Author(s):  
Ardi Ferdian
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
Supervisory Board ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Know How ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Standard Operating ◽  
Special Rules

Corporate prosecution through formal prosecution is considered to be able to destroy the corporation. If possible, the punishment of the corporation should not cause the corporation to go bankrupt and go bankrupt. The entanglement of corporations in criminal law does not only occur in Indonesia, in the world several phenomenal big cases have disrupted the company's health, which has impacted the company to make efficient by closing several of its subsidiaries and automatically downsizing the number of employees, namely the case that happen to Siemens Aktiengesellschaft (AG) and Volks Wagen (VW). To minimize the bankruptcy of corporations as a result of being convicted, several countries apply the Deferred Prosecution Agreement. The Deferred Prosecution Agreement is an alternative form of dispute resolution carried out outside the court. The author wants to know how the advantages and disadvantages of implementing the Deferred Prosecution Agreement if it is applied in Indonesia by using a conceptual approach and a comparative approach to the application of the Deferred Prosecution Agreement in England and America, to produce the concept of implementing the Deferred Prosecution Agreement in Indonesia. The results of the author's research, the concept of setting up a Deferred Prosecution Agreement at least contains: 1) Corporate approval for cooperation, 2) Process supervision by Judges, 3) Determining the term of the agreement, 4) Standard agreement clauses, 5) Considerations for the use of deferred prosecution agreement only for certain cases. However, we also need to know the advantages and disadvantages of this Deferred Prosecution Agreement concept if applied in Indonesia. The advantages are: 1) The company's reputation and trust are maintained, 2) Minimizes corporate bankruptcy, 3) Shorten, simple and low-cost case resolution, 4) Prosecutors are given the power to regulate the contents of the agreement. Weaknesses: 1) Prone to abuse of authority, 2) Need to make special rules (Lex Specialis). The author suggests that if you apply the concept of the Deferred Prosecution Agreement to corporate crimes, the attorney general should make regulations that regulate the guidelines for the implementation of the Deferred Prosecution Agreement and the standard operating procedures of the prosecutor dealing with the Deferred Prosecution Agreement. If supervision is needed, it is necessary to make special rules regarding the Supervisory Board.

Regulation of Conflict of Laws in the United Arab Emirates

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mohmed Elhawary
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Conflict Of Laws ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
Conflict Of Law

Abstract This article aims at giving an outline of the regulation of conflict of laws contained in the Emirati Code of Civil Transactions, while adopting a comparative approach to Private international law rules in other Arab as well as Western countries. The article is divided into two main parts. The first consists of an overview of the regulation of conflict of laws in the UAE, addressing the origins, method and scope of the regulation. The second contains an analysis of the conflict of law provisions in the Emirati law, addressing the conceptual approach, general rules and special rules of conflict of laws.

scholarly journals Restrukturisasi Budaya Hukum Kejaksaan Dalam Penuntutan Sebagai Independensi di Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia

SASI ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 571
Author(s):  
Appludnopsanji Appludnopsanji ◽  
Pujiyono Pujiyono
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
System Research ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Know How ◽  
Ambiguous Position

The position of the prosecutor's office which is under two powers namely executive and judiciary causes the prosecutor's office to become an institution that is not independent and free, thus causing blemishes to commit fraud by prosecutors. This study aims to find out how the reality of the independence of prosecutors in prosecution and know how the cultural rearrangement for prosecutors in prosecution as a process of the criminal justice system. Research methods The research method uses normative research through a conceptual approach and a statue approach. The results showed that the ambiguous position of the prosecutor made the prosecutor hesitant in carrying out their duties, was not independent and was not free and there was a judicial mafia. With regard to this condition, re-structuring of the prosecutor's independence in prosecution is needed. This is intended so that the prosecutor's office becomes an independent institution by integrally restructuring the legal culture together with other criminal justice sub-systems through a religious approach, contextual approach and comparative approach

scholarly journals PELAKSANAAN EKSEKUSI OBJEK JAMINAN FIDUSIA BERDASARKAN TITLE EKSEKUTORIAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Benny Krestian Heriawanto
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Know How ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Right

The existence of collateral institutions is very important for creditors particularly to provide certainty over the fulfillment of their rights. In Indonesia there are several collateral institutions, one of which is fiduciary, as a collateral institution, fiduciaries have advantages and disadvantages, especially in carrying out executions, therefore it is necessary to know how the execution of fiduciary collateral objects, especially executions that are based on executorial titles. This paper is based on normative juridical research, with a legal and conceptual approach. According to the research it can be concluded that based on the provisions of article 30 of the Fiduciary Law, with an executorial title, the creditor is given the right to repossess so that the creditor can directly take the object of fiduciary collateral.

scholarly journals Kewenangan Jaksa Agung Dalam Mengesampingkan Perkara Demi Kepentingan Umum

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-33
Author(s):  
Kiki Astuti Wulandary Sutin
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Normative Study ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
The Public ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Community Interest ◽  
Interest Reason ◽  
The Impact

Penelitian ini bertujuan; Pertama mengetahui penerapan pengesampingan perkara dalam memenuhi adanya kepentingan umum, dan Kedua mengkaji dampak yang ditimbulkan dengan tidak adanya instrumen hukum untuk melakukan perlawanan terhadap keputusan pengesampingkan perkara demi kepentingan umum. Penelitian ini merupakan tipe penelitian normative dengan menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang, pendekatan kasus, pendekatan perbandingan, dan pendekatan konseptual.  Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan: Pertama Pengesampingan perkara terhadap perkara Abraham Samad dan Bambang Widjojanto dengan pertimbangan Jaksa Agung belum menunjukkan terganggunya kepentingan umum secara nyata; Kedua Tidak ditemukan adanya mekanisme untuk melakukan perlawanan atau upaya hukum terhadap keputusan pengesampingan perkara oleh Jaksa Agung sebagai bentuk kebebasan kebijaksanaan (beleidvrijheid) menimbulkan dampak yakni, keputusan pengesampingan perkara oleh Jaksa Agung bersifat final dan mengikat (final and binding),tidak mengakomodir hak-hak korban kejahatan sesuai prinsip perlakuan yang sama di hadapan hukum, dan kewenangan tersebut rawan terhadap penyalahgunaan kekuasaan. The study aims to : (1) describe the public interest that becomes the basis of a general attorney in dismissing a case; (2) explain the implementation of dismissing a case to fulfill the public interest reason; and (3) analyze the impact caused by the absence of law instrumen againts the decision of dismissing a case for public interest. This research was a normative study usinglegal approach, case approach, comparative approach, and conceptual approach. It was conducted atthe Provincial Attorney General’s Office of South Sulawesi. The results show that:(1) In the dismissing of a case, public interest indicates the existence of state’s interest and community interest. This is in line with the explanation of article 35 letter c of the Act Number16 of 2004 that have to. The scope is broadand there is no standard in defining the public interest. Therefore, it needs to be considered within the context of state’s constitutional principleaccording to the Preamble of 1945 Constitution. (2) The dismissing of the case of Abraham Samad and Bambang Widjojanto with the consideration of Attorney General have not indicatedthe disturbance of public interest. (3) There is no anymechanism to appealagaints the general attorney’s decision to dismiss a case as a form of wisdom (beleidvrijheid), which caused some impacts namely the decision of general attorney to dismiss a case is final and binding, does not accommodate the rights of victims according to the principle of equality before the law, and vulnerable to abuse of power. 

scholarly journals MENGAGAS PENGUATAN KEJAKSAAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA DALAM PENGAMANAN DAN PENGAWALAN PEMBANGUNAN UNTUK MENCEGAH TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-141
Author(s):  
Makrun Makrun ◽  
Fenty U. Puluhulawa ◽  
Lusiana Margareth Toijow
Keyword(s):  
Attorney General ◽  
Central Point ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Work Mechanism ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Republic

ABSTRAKTujuan Penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kedudukan hukum Direktorat (D) Kejaksaan Agung dalam melakukan pengamanan dan pengawalan pembangunan untuk mencegah tindak pidana korupsi; menganalisis mekanisme kerja Direktorat (D) Kejaksaan Agung dalam melakukan pengamanan dan pengawalan pembangunan untuk mencegah tindak pidana korupsi; merumuskan konsep ideal bentuk pengamanan dan pengawalan pembangunan strategis oleh kejaksaan dalam mencegah tindak pidana korupsi melalui peran Direktorat (D) Kejaksaan Agung Republik indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normative, dengan mengunakan beberapa pendekatan, yaitu: pertama, pendekatan perbandingan (comparative approach); kedua, pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach); ketiga, pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Hasil Penelitian ini menujukkan, pertama, bahwa Kedudukan hukum Direktorat D Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia sudah jelas berdasarkan Peraturan Jaksa Agung RI Nomor : PER-006/A/JA/07/2017 Tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia. Bidang tersebut dibentuk sebagai amanat instruksi presiden tentang aksi pencegahan tindak pidana korupsi dan sebagai spirit kejaksaan sebagai penegak hukum dalam memberantas korupsi; Kedua, bahwa Mekanisme kerja Direktorat D Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia sudah jelas dimuat dan diatur dalam Peraturan Jaksa Agung RI Nomor : PER-006/A/JA/07/2017 Tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia, dimana titik sentralnya adalah untuk melakukan pengawalan dan pengamanan pembangunan yang bersifat strategis; Ketiga, bahwa Penerapan aplikasi “JAGA DESA” di lingkup Direktorat D sebagai upaya untuk memaksimalkan kinerja Direktorat D dalam mengawal pengelolaan anggaran pembangunan strategis di seluruh daerah Republik Indonesia.Kata Kunci: Kejaksaan; Tindak Pidana Korupsi; Pengamanan Dan Pengawalan Pembangunan.ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to analyze the legal position of the Directorate (D) of the Attorney General's Office in safeguarding and overseeing development to prevent corruption; analyze the work mechanism of the Directorate (D) of the Attorney General's Office in securing development safeguards and guarding corruption; formulating an ideal concept of the form of securing and escorting strategic development by the prosecutor's office in preventing acts of corruption through the role of the Directorate (D) of the Indonesian Attorney General's Office This study uses normative legal research, using several approaches, namely: first, the comparative approach; second, the statutory approach; third, conceptual approach (conceptual approach). The results of this study show, firstly, that the legal position of the Directorate D of the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia is clear based on the Attorney General's Regulation Number: PER-006 / A /JA / 07/2017 Regarding the Organization and Work Procedures of the Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia The field was formed as a mandate of the president's instructions on acts of preventing acts of corruption and as a spirit of the prosecutor's office as law enforcers in combating corruption; Second, that the work mechanism of the Directorate D of the Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia is clearly contained and regulated in the Regulation of the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia Number: PER-006 / A / JA / 07/2017 Regarding the Organization and Work Procedures of the Republic of Indonesia Attorney's Office, where the central point is to conduct escort and securing strategic development; Third, that the application of the application "JAGA DESA" in the scope of Directorate D as an effort to maximize the performance of Directorate D in overseeing the management of strategic development budgets in all regions of the Republic of Indonesia.Keywords: Prosecutor's Office; Corruption Crime; Safeguarding And Supervision Of Development.

Main approaches to estimating the cost of shareholder equity of oil and gas producers

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-697
Author(s):  
O.V. Shimko
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Free Cash Flow ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Oil And Gas Producers ◽  
The Cost

Subject. The study analyzes generally accepted approaches to assessing the value of companies on the basis of financial statement data of ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Occidental Petroleum, Devon Energy, Anadarko Petroleum, EOG Resources, Apache, Marathon Oil, Imperial Oil, Suncor Energy, Husky Energy, Canadian Natural Resources, Royal Dutch Shell, Gazprom, Rosneft, LUKOIL, and others, for 1999—2018. Objectives. The aim is to determine the specifics of using the methods of cost, DFC, and comparative approaches to assessing the value of share capital of oil and gas companies. Methods. The study employs methods of statistical analysis and generalization of materials of scientific articles and official annual reports on the results of financial and economic activities of the largest public oil and gas corporations. Results. Based on the results of a comprehensive analysis, I identified advantages and disadvantages of standard approaches to assessing the value of oil and gas producers. Conclusions. The paper describes pros and cons of the said approaches. For instance, the cost approach is acceptable for assessing the minimum cost of small companies in the industry. The DFC-based approach complicates the reliability of medium-term forecasts for oil prices due to fluctuations in oil prices inherent in the industry, on which the net profit and free cash flow of companies depend to a large extent. The comparative approach enables to quickly determine the range of possible value of the corporation based on transactions data and current market situation.

scholarly journals End-to-end convolutional neural network enables COVID-19 detection from breath and cough audio: a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-362
Author(s):  
Harry Coppock ◽  
Alex Gaskell ◽  
Panagiotis Tzirakis ◽  
Alice Baird ◽  
Lyn Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Audio Signals ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Empirical Performance

BackgroundSince the emergence of COVID-19 in December 2019, multidisciplinary research teams have wrestled with how best to control the pandemic in light of its considerable physical, psychological and economic damage. Mass testing has been advocated as a potential remedy; however, mass testing using physical tests is a costly and hard-to-scale solution.MethodsThis study demonstrates the feasibility of an alternative form of COVID-19 detection, harnessing digital technology through the use of audio biomarkers and deep learning. Specifically, we show that a deep neural network based model can be trained to detect symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 cases using breath and cough audio recordings.ResultsOur model, a custom convolutional neural network, demonstrates strong empirical performance on a data set consisting of 355 crowdsourced participants, achieving an area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristics of 0.846 on the task of COVID-19 classification.ConclusionThis study offers a proof of concept for diagnosing COVID-19 using cough and breath audio signals and motivates a comprehensive follow-up research study on a wider data sample, given the evident advantages of a low-cost, highly scalable digital COVID-19 diagnostic tool.

scholarly journals Reinforcement of Recycled Aggregate by Microbial-Induced Mineralization and Deposition of Calcium Carbonate—Influencing Factors, Mechanism and Effect of Reinforcement

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 887
Author(s):  
Chunhua Feng ◽  
Buwen Cui ◽  
Haidong Ge ◽  
Yihong Huang ◽  
Wenyan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Water ◽  
Strengthening Mechanism ◽  
Recycled Aggregate ◽  
Strengthening Effect ◽  
Calcium Carbonate Precipitation ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Recycled aggregate is aggregate prepared from construction waste. With the development of a global economy and people’s attention to sustainable development, recycled aggregate has shown advantages in replacing natural aggregate in the production of concrete due to its environmental friendliness, low energy consumption, and low cost. Recycled aggregate exhibits high water absorption and a multi-interface transition zone, which limits its application scope. Researchers have used various methods to improve the properties of recycled aggregate, such as microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology. In this paper, the results of recent studies on the reinforcement of recycled aggregate by MICP technology are synthesized, and the factors affecting the strengthening effect of recycled aggregate are reviewed. Moreover, the strengthening mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of MICP technology are summarized. After the modified treatment, the aggregate performance is significantly improved. Regardless of whether the aggregate was used in mortar or concrete, the mechanical properties of the specimens were clearly improved. However, there are some issues regarding the application of MICP technology, such as the use of an expensive culture medium, a long modification cycle, and untargeted mineralization deposition. These difficulties need to be overcome in the future for the industrialization of regenerated aggregate materials via MICP technology.

scholarly journals Circular Agreements—Exploring the Role of Agreements and Deals as a Political Tool for a Circular Economy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Free Rider Problem ◽  
Political Governance ◽  
The Eu

AbstractA problem for a circular economy, embedded in its policies, tools, technologies and models, is that it is driven by the interests and needs of producers, rather than customers and users. This opinion paper focuses on an alternative form of governance—agreements, which thanks to their bargaining approach brings actors from across the value chain into the policy process. The purpose of this opinion paper is to uncover and analyse the potential of such agreements for a circular economy. Circular agreements aim at increasing the circulation of materials and are an emerging form of political governance within the EU. These agreements have different names, involve different actors and govern in different ways. However, circular agreements seem to work when other types of regulations fail to establish circulation. These agreements bring actors together and offer a platform for negotiating how advantages and disadvantages can be redistributed between actors in a way that is more suitable for a circular economy. However, circular agreements are dependent on other policy instruments to work and can generate a free-rider problem with uninvolved actors. The agreements may also become too detailed and long term, which leads to problem shifting and lock-ins, respectively.

Significant choice-of-law interests and its impact on the formation of choice-of-law regulation in the field of intellectual property

2021 ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Svetlana I. Krupko
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Special Rules

This article analyzes the choice-of-law interests of specific and potential participants in the relations of intellectual property rights and the state in order to establish the closest connection of the above type of relation with the state, whose law should be applied. Taking into account the directionality of significant choice-of-law interests, advantages and disadvantages of territorial and universal approaches, a theoretically based solution is proposed for the formation of a general choice-of-law rule on the law to be applied to the relation of intellectual property rights. It was revealed in the study that the diversity of the relations of intellectual property rights (their obligatory and non-obligatory, property and personal non-property nature, other differences in legal features) does not automatically generate a multidirectionality of significant choice-of-law interests that should be taken into account when establishing a close connection of the above type of the relation with the state for determination of applicable law, does not prevent the formation of a general choice-of-law rule for the relations of intellectual property rights in general and does not unequivocally testify in favor of the specialization of its binding. However, the diversity of the relations of intellectual property rights should be examined and evaluated for the feasibility and limits of exceptions from the general choice-of-law rule and the development of special rules for resolving certain private of the relations of intellectual property rights.

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