Development and functional significance of the pulmonary surfactant system

Relevance. Prevention of the development of postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome during operations on the descending thoracic aorta increases the effectiveness of therapy. The study of damage to the surfactant complex during ischemia and reperfusion of the lungs is relevant, since it involves the prophylactic use of the surfactant preparation during operations on the descending part of the thoracic aorta, which are characterized by a high risk of postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome. Objective: to increase the effectiveness of pharmacological and respiratory therapy of acute respiratory distress syndrome, as well as to identify the role of the surfactant system of the lungs in the onset of inflammation against the background of tuberculosis and the development of regeneration mechanisms that affect the course and outcome of the disease. Materials and Methods. The study involved 24 people, including 14 volunteer patients with a diagnosed respiratory disease in an acute course (while the whole group received the drug from the study as an additional therapy). The sample of 14 people was formed solely due to the compliance of these patients with the criteria that were established before the start of the study of the drug, which had postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome of various origins in their diagnosis. Results and Discussion. For a comprehensive laboratory determination, an algorithm was used that corresponded to the state standard to identify postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome. For each participant in the experiments, it was proposed to develop a plan of treatment procedures, taking into account individualization and standardization. Conclusion. Some of the resulting data are collected with respect to the surfactant pulmonary system, which is presented in a compactor model format. A number of basic components are reflected here, which are classified according to cellular and non-cellular factors. At the same time, the surfactant substance helps to reduce the pronounced swelling, which can significantly reduce the process of sticking of the alveolar structures during inhalation. All this added up to the normal system of gas metabolism in the lung structures, including the control of the mucociliary system, which acts as a natural stimulator of the function of alveolar macrophages.

Determining Some Undesirable Behavioral Traits and Their Impact on the Behavioral Performance of Broiler Chicks

This study was carried out on a poultry farm in the department of Animal Production – College of Agriculture - University of Anbar was achieved through two experiments, the first experiment was carried out during the period of 01-12-2020 to 15-12-2020. This experiment aimed to determine the undesired behavior in broiler chicks including fear, gathering, and isolation. Seventy-five unsexed chicks were used that belong to strain Ross 308 with the age of one day. Chicks were randomly distributed to five replications, each replicate contained 15 chicks. The second experiment from 31-01-2021 to 14-02-2021 and remove the undesired behavioral traits which were determined in the first experiment by using the natural stimulator (sound). Also, seventy-five unsexed chicks belonging to the same strain (Ross 308) were used with an age of one day as well as distributed to 5 replicates and each replicate contained 15 chicks. The results showed that there were significant differences between the two experiments in each of the traits of fear, grouping, and isolation due to the natural stimulator (sound) to broiler chicks.

"A literature review on “Triphala’s Rasayana Karmukata."

Ayurvedic physicians had formulated the triphala several thousand years back and millions of people used and benefited from this herbal preparation since then. Even today, most medial practitioners consider triphala to be the most effective as well as the safest laxative and colon cleanser found anywhere. Triphala is most popular Ayurvedic herbal formula from India that consists of equal part of three myrobalans, taken without seeds: Amalaki (Emblica officinalis), Bibhitaki (Terminalia Belerica) and Haritaki (Terminalia Chebula), with potential anti-cancer properties and is also effective colon cleanser. In additional triphala also props up the body’s strength. Triphala is a Sanskrit term that literally denotes “three fruits”. The three herbal fruits of triphala endore internal cleansing, reduce conditions of stagnation and excess and perk up digestion and absorption of nutrients. Owing to its superior dietary value, triphala possesses the capability to cleanse as well as detoxify the deepest organic levels without causing any injury or harm to the body or draining its nutritional reverses. In fact, such unique properties of triphala make it one of the most prized herbal preparation worldwide. In India, there is popular adage saying ‘A child needs not to worry even he does not have mother as triphala will take care of his requirements’. This denotes that triphala takes care of the internal body organs, as mother looks after her child. Triphala is considered to be the foundation stone of Ayurvedic medicine and comprises equal proportions of Haritaki (basically stabilizes Vata, however, is tri-doshic), Bibhitaki (provides an equilibrium to kapha nad pitta) and Amalaki (provides poise to pitta nad kapha). In ayurvedic medicine, Amalaki, biologically known as Emblica officinalis, is considered to be a supreme rejuvenator as well as physically potent natural antioxidant. This herbal fruit is also effective in enhancing the immune system and stabilizes the pitta. On the other hand, Haritaki, known as Terminalia Chebula, is regarded as the king of Tibetan medicine. Haritaki is standard tonic or natural stimulator for the heart, brain and longevity, Haritaki fruit is often portrayed in the extended palm of the Buddha and is known to stabilize vata. Bibhitaki, is potent bolster that is effective in lessening heart and liver ailments and also enhance the voice, eyesight, endorse hair growth as well as balance kapha.

Soft matrix is a natural stimulator for cellular invasiveness

Directional mesenchymal cell invasion in vivo is understood to be a stimulated event and to be regulated by cytokines, chemokines, and types of extracellular matrix (ECM). Instead, by focusing on the cellular response to ECM stiffness, we found that soft ECM (low stiffness) itself is sufficient to prevent stable cell-to-cell adherens junction formation, up-regulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion, promote MMP activity, and induce invadosome-like protrusion (ILP) formation. Consistently, similar ILP formation was also detected in a three-dimensional directional invasion assay in soft matrix. Primary human fibroblasts spontaneously form ILPs in a very narrow range of ECM stiffness (0.1–0.4 kPa), and such ILP formation is Src family kinase dependent. In contrast, spontaneous ILP formation in malignant cancer cells and fibrosarcoma cells occurs across a much wider range of ECM stiffness, and these tumor cell ILPs are also more prominent at lower stiffness. These findings suggest that ECM softness is a natural stimulator for cellular invasiveness.

Respiratory burst activity in activated and unstimulated isolated bovine blood neutrophils during experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis

The respiratory burst activity, measured as H2O2 production, of isolated bovine polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) was evaluated during experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis by means of flow cytometry in cells activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and in unstimulated cells. As expected, a significantly reduced respiratory burst activity was observed in PMA-activated PMN 18 h after intramammary inoculation with Escherichia coli. At this time only 75% of the PMA-activated PMN showed a respiratory burst, but with a higher intensity than that measured before and later after infection with Esch. coli. In addition, an increase in the respiratory burst activity was observed in unstimulated blood PMN during a short period at 18 h after infection, when up to 30% of the unstimulated PMN had a respiratory burst activity. The increase in the respiratory burst intensity of PMA-activated PMN and the spontaneously augmented production of reduced oxygen species by the unstimulated PMN during infection with Esch. coli might indicate the production of a natural stimulator of burst activity in circulation, most probably originating from the inflamed udder.

NPY increases food intake in white-crowned sparrows: effect in short and long photoperiods

To determine if altered sensitivity to neuropeptide Y (NPY) underlies premigratory fattening, white-crowned sparrows held on short day length (9:15-h light-dark) received injections into the third ventricle (ivt) of saline or several doses of NPY. An inverted-U function occurred with food intake increasing 30 and 60 min after doses of 1.0 and 2.0 micrograms NPY. When photostimulated (20:4-h light-dark), birds increased daily caloric intake and gained weight rapidly. Birds maintained on long day lengths significantly increased food intake after 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms of NPY and did not respond to higher doses. The effective dose range for NPY to increase food intake moved to the left, suggesting an increase in sensitivity to the peptide on long day lengths. In summary, white-crowned sparrows consume more food when administered NPY ivt and have increased sensitivity when photostimulated and gaining weight. Hence NPY may be a natural stimulator of food intake in this species.

Tuftsin induces tissue factor-like activity in human mononuclear cells and in monocytic cell lines

Normal human monocytes and macrophages generate potent procoagulant activity (PCA) resembling tissue factor (TF) in response to various stimuli. In this study we show that tuftsin, a natural stimulator of many functions of monocytes and macrophages, also stimulates a potent PCA in mixed mononuclear cells and monocytes, and a mild PCA in lymphocytes and cell lines of monocytic origin (U937 and THP). No activity was generated by several lymphoid cell lines and HL-60 cells. The PCA resembled TF in that it accelerated clotting through the extrinsic coagulation pathway and was inhibited by concanavalin-A and by monoclonal anti-TF antibodies. The induction of TF-like activity by tuftsin was dose- and time-dependent. It was located in the cell membrane and did not require T cells for expression. Generation of TF- like activity was prevented by actinomycin D, while cytarabine had no effect on this process, suggesting that expression of the activity depends on protein synthesis. Studies with various tuftsin analogs suggest that tuftsin stimulates generation of TF-like activity, as well as other functions of monocytes via the same receptors. The results with the monocytic cell lines show that tuftsin affects mainly mature cells. The induction of TF-like activity in mononuclear cells by tuftsin constitutes an important link between mononuclear cells and the immune and coagulation systems. It may play a major role in the pathogenesis of thromboembolism and fibrin deposition in various inflammatory and immunologic disorders.

Tuftsin induces tissue factor-like activity in human mononuclear cells and in monocytic cell lines

Normal human monocytes and macrophages generate potent procoagulant activity (PCA) resembling tissue factor (TF) in response to various stimuli. In this study we show that tuftsin, a natural stimulator of many functions of monocytes and macrophages, also stimulates a potent PCA in mixed mononuclear cells and monocytes, and a mild PCA in lymphocytes and cell lines of monocytic origin (U937 and THP). No activity was generated by several lymphoid cell lines and HL-60 cells. The PCA resembled TF in that it accelerated clotting through the extrinsic coagulation pathway and was inhibited by concanavalin-A and by monoclonal anti-TF antibodies. The induction of TF-like activity by tuftsin was dose- and time-dependent. It was located in the cell membrane and did not require T cells for expression. Generation of TF- like activity was prevented by actinomycin D, while cytarabine had no effect on this process, suggesting that expression of the activity depends on protein synthesis. Studies with various tuftsin analogs suggest that tuftsin stimulates generation of TF-like activity, as well as other functions of monocytes via the same receptors. The results with the monocytic cell lines show that tuftsin affects mainly mature cells. The induction of TF-like activity in mononuclear cells by tuftsin constitutes an important link between mononuclear cells and the immune and coagulation systems. It may play a major role in the pathogenesis of thromboembolism and fibrin deposition in various inflammatory and immunologic disorders.