Prevalence of Infections Bronchities Virus at Four Selected Districts (Damot Gale, Sodozuri, Humbo and Kindokoy) In Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples

Infectious bronchitis is an important virial disease affecting poultry production which causes significant economic losses. A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2019 to January 2020. To estimating the prevalence of infectious bronchitis and determines the risk factors. A total 420 poultry were by a simple random sampling procedure. Data was analyzed using STATA version 11. Chi square test and logistic regression analysis were used to determine the association between prevalence of infectious bronchitis and potential risk factors. From the total 420 poultry examined for infectious bronchitis were found positive. There was significance difference between the risk factors and bronchitis infections. More infectious bronchitis infected poultry were found in kindokoy 90.4%, odd ratio: 0.3 Confidence Interval :0.1-0.7, p = 0.00 than humbo, sodozuri and damotgale. There was high prevalence of infectious bronchitis in gerater than 6 months than less than 3 months and between 3 and 6-month age of poultry. The presence of infectious bronchitis in poultry production might entail morbidity and mortality. Therefore, further detailed molecular epidemiological studies are warranted. Good hygienic and husbandry practices are essential to limit the spread of infection

Off-Label Use of Medicines in Children Attending a Secondary Healthcare Facility in Federal Capital Territory

Before a new drug is approved for marketing in any country, it must have undergone three phases of clinical trials designed to assess its efficacy and safety when used according to an approved recommendation. After a drug has been tested and approved by the regulatory authorities, the drug is usually given a ‘label’ or ‘license’ which is a report describing the drug intended use and dosage. This study aimed at evaluating the use of medicines outside the terms stated in the label. The study was conducted using a data collection form to obtain information from patients’ case file. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The case notes of 449 patients were included in the study. The ages of the patients ranged from 4 days to 16 years. Females constituted 51.7% (232) and males 48.3% (217). A total of 1866 drugs were administered to patients, of which 469 (25.13%) were off-label prescriptions. The highest category of off-label drug was indication (45%). This study has revealed a considerable prevalence of off-label use of medicines, there is however need for proper pharmaceutical care to be emplaced in healthcare facilities so as to minimize off-label drug use and prevent adverse effect of drugs as a result of inappropriate use of medicines.

Dyslexia and Cerebral Dysfunction

Children with slow visual-motor responses to visual-temporal response tests also have brain dysfunctions in the mobile and motor areas [6,4]. If the left parietal cortex does not participate in these dysfunctions, then this child will also have difficulties in reading. Furthermore, we could say that the brain dysfunctions that are detected by visual-motor tests and that the performance in them is low, are accompanied by difficulties in reading. Aim: In this study we want to show the function of the child’s brain in dyslexia. Method: We followed the most up-to-date literature on the subject: neuropsychology and dyslexia. Conclusions: brain organization and its relationship to dyslexia is a major problem for Neuropsychology and Neurolinguistics.

Is Suicidality Increased in Covid-19 Pandemic? A Scoping Review and Quality Assessment

Background: There are emerging concerns that the COVID-19 pandemic may specifically increase suicide. Methods: Scoping Review in the MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Science Direct databases and in the medRxiv, bioRxiv and PsyArXiv preprint servers, using the descriptors “Covid-19”, “coronavirus infection”, “coronavirus”, “2019-nCoV”, “2019 new coronavirus disease”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “Suicide”, “General Public” and “Mental Health”. Results: A total of 62 studies were included in this review, where 10 studies were reported to have been conducted between March and May 2021; 39 in 2020; 4 in 2019; 3 in 2018; 1 in 2015; 2 in 2014; 2 in 2010 and 1 in 2004, all were conducted via online platforms. Limitations: We have interpreted our study findings in the context of the overall significant risk of exposure to suicide in our study population, while recognizing that individual level data of exposure to COVID-19 is a significant confounding variable. Conclusions: Being one of the first reviews in this context, the findings are anticipated to be helpful to predict the possible solutions for reducing the number of suicides in and facilitate further studies on strategies of how to alleviate such a stressful situation in COVID-19.

“Impact on Family Planning Services in Primary Healthcare Facilities in Rural Sindh – Secondary Data Analysis of Pre- and on-going COVID-19 Crisis Period”

The current COVID-19 pandemic has devastated the improvements in family planning services during the past years. This study assessed the impact of the global pandemic that compromised the provision of family planning services in primary healthcare facilities in Sindh – Pakistan. A retrospective data from District Health Information System (DHIS) before Covid-19 (January – February 2020) and during Covid-19 (March – June 2020) was extracted on the provision of family planning services in primary healthcare facilities in Sindh. The study was conducted to understand the impact of service provision through time-series trend analysis by comparing two health facilities i.e., BHUs and BHU plus facilities on monthly average visits (Jan-Feb average) and differences in percentage change over time on the uptake of short and long-acting family planning methods. The findings suggested that due to lockdown and restrictive mobility, the family planning services have fallen drastically in terms of clients visit the health facility from the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak in the month of March 2020 and remain stagnant till June 2020 as compare to before COVID-19 period. The overall analysis revealed the largest decay in the uptake of family planning methods specifically, pills with 31% and 26% during April 2020 in BHU and BHU plus facilities. On the contrary, uptake of Implants showed 25% and 23% decline in the month of June and May in BHU and BHU plus facilities respectively, compared to the average percentage of the pre-COVID Period. The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the provision of family planning services and steeply decreased the uptake of Pills and Implants in primary healthcare facilities in Sindh. On the contrary, the disruption and decrease in services have provided an opportunity to undertake further research exploration to develop future strategies and policies to combat health challenging situations in such pandemics.

Brain Abscess of Dental Origin: A Case Report and Literature Review

Introduction: Brain abscess (BA)of dental origin is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of odontogenic infection that requires immediate neurosurgical attention. It is defined as an encapsulated collection of pus in various areas of the brain. The infectious process spreads from the dental site and occurs in 2 ways: haematogenous route or by contiguity. Treatment should ideally be based on the etiological factor excision, combined with drainage and adjuvant antibiotic therapy. The aim of this article was to report a case of frontal brain abscess of dental origin and to review the literature. Case report: We present the case of a 36-year-old man diagnosed with a brain abscess located in the frontal lobe and caused by a periodontal lesion of the right upper first molar. The final diagnosis was established due to the availability of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Drainage of the pus combined with extraction of the tooth and antibiotic therapy was followed by an excellent recovery. Clinical and radiological features, treatment and follow-up data were documented. A review of the literature using the PubMed database was performed Conclusion: Oral infections can lead to life-threatening infections, such as brain abscesses. Early detection of this condition through correct diagnosis is essential to give the patient the best treatment; in addition, improving of the oral environment and treating oral infections is highly recommended to limit this serious condition.

Management of Acne in Unani System of Medicine: A Case Report

Introduction: Acne is a common skin disorder of pilosebaceous gland. It caused due to excessive production of sebum, hyperkeratinisation and proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. Case presentation: This case report is of 38 years of female having severe problem of acne. She has no family history and her menstrual order was normal. Previously she had taken modern medicine orally and topically but did not relieve. Conclusion: The treatment with Majoon Ushbah orally and multicomponent powdered formulation applied topically proved to be effective. There was significant (p<0.05) reduction of Global Acne Grading Score (GAGS) nearly 81% as compared to baseline. VAS (Visual Analogue Scale)) indicated changes in appearance and symptoms at the end of study. There was significant improvement in DQLI (Dermatology Quality of Life Index). The tested drug proved to be effective in management of acne

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Extracts of Cymbopogon Citratus (Lemon Grass) and Phyllantus Amarus (Stone Breaker) Leaves

This study described the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of fresh and dried leaves of Phyllantus amarus (PA) (Stone breaker), Cymbopogon citratus (CC) (Lemon grass) and combination of stone breaker and lemon grass (PA/CC and DL/DP) using standard methods. The proximate and mineral results showed that both fresh and dried samples of Phyllantus amarus and Cymbopogon citratus were rich in crude fibre (18.53%, 14.65%), ash (16.27%, 2.29%), potassium (95.56 mg/100g, 54.04 mg/100g), calcium (58.57 mg/100g, 7.05 mg/100g), and sodium (15.23 mg/100g, 9.84 mg/100g) respectively. The ability of the extracts to scavenge 2, 2 diphenyl -2- picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical showed that the fresh PA had the highest scavenging activity of 91.12 mg/g, followed (PA/CC) 90.93 mg/g and dried PA (85.61mg/g). The phytochemical composition of the extracts also revealed that they contain high content of cardiac glycoside (11.62 mg/g - 64.81 mg/g), terpenoid (14.56 mg/g - 69.66 mg/g), phenol (14.73 mg/g - 53.93 mg/g), saponin (22.61 mg/g - 30.47mg/g). Dried lemon and dried Phyllantus amarus (DL/DP) was found to be rich in Vitamin A (22.22 mg/g), while the lowest value of Vitamin E (0.36 mg/g) was obtained from fresh lemon grass (0.36mg/g). Antibacterial assay carried out on the two leaves extracts showed that they produced mild antibacterial activity against some foodborne pathogen (Bacillus cereus, Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas spp). with zones of inhibition of 4.3 mm -9.1mm. Further studies should be carried out to investigate the employment of the leaves in production of functional food

The Effects of Facial Exercise on Mental Health, Facial Expression and EEG in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Although it is well documented that exercising is good for the mental health and cognitive function as well as the physical condition in elderly people, exercising is difficult in elderly individuals with a low motor function. To develop an exercise program targeting elderly individuals unsuited for whole-body exercises, we assessed the effects of facial exercises on the mental health and mood in healthy elderly people. Community-dwelling older adults (N = 75, age range = 65-87 yrs) were randomly divided into a facial exercises group and a wait-listed control group. A facial exercises program of 30 min was given twice a week for 12 weeks. This program consisted of rhythmic facial movement, muscle stretching, facial yoga, and Tanden breathing. The GHQ-12 for mental health were administered to both groups before and after the 12-week study period. In addition, facial expression and EEG were measured. Fifty-three participants completed the protocol. In the intervention group, the GHQ-12, facial expression, and α wave in frontal lobe improved post-intervention. These results suggest that facial exercises are effective in improving the mental health, facial expression, α wave in frontal lobe of elderly people, and that exercises may be useful as a therapeutic modality in this population.