Water quality assessment of the Montenegrin part of the Lim river using the Serbian water quality index (SWQI)

The paper analyzes the water quality of the Montenegrin part of the Lim River using the Serbian Water Quality Index (SWQI) method. This method uses ten physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters (temperature, pH value, electrical conductivity, oxygen saturation, BOD5 , suspended solids, total nitrogen oxides, orthophosphates, ammonium, coliform bacteria) and summarizes them in a water quality index number. Data from the Institute of Hydrometeorology and Seismology of Montenegro (IHMS) from the Annual Reports on Water Quality from 2010 to 2018 were used to assess water quality. The results of this research, according to SWQI, show that in the upper course of the Montenegrin part of the Lim, at the control stations Plav and Andrijevica, water has excellent quality. Downstream, passing through the urban areas of Berane and Bijelo Polje at the control stations Skakavac, Zaton, Bijelo Polje, Dobrakovo, the water quality enters the class of very good and good quality. The results of average SWQI values at all control stations for the research period of eight years indicate that the quality in the Montenegrin part of the Lim River can be classified as very good (87). The paper confirms the importance of the SWQI as a useful method for presenting water quality data despite its many advantages and disadvantages. In order to achieve relevant results and the actual ecological status of the river, it is necessary to apply the Water Quality Index (WQI), which includes inorganic parameters.

Analysis of the spatial distribution of the drought in the Lim valley and on the upper course of the river Ibar in Montenegro

This paper analyzed the spatial distribution of drought at meteorological stations on the Lim valley (Plav, Andrijevica, Berane and Bijelo Polje) and on the upper course of the river Ibar (Rožaje). The goal of this research is to point out the modern climatic characteristics in relation to the current state of aridization, which is a limiting factor for economy of the population in many areas throughout the world. The method used for such purposes is the De Marton drought index. Results of the research indicated a decrease in the annual drought index through the Lim valley, with the highest values for Plav (IDM=61,9), and the lowest for the lowest downstream station Bijelo Polje (IDM=41,3). The values of this climate index indicate the conditions of very humid (Berane, Bijelo Polje and Rožaje) and extremely humid climates (Plav and Andrijevica), with huge drainage and forest vegetation. By applying the De Marton index on a seasonal and monthly level, the highest values of this indicator were established in the winter season.

Characteristics of the urban environment in and issues in the creation of a green shield around the city of Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia

This paper addresses issues of beautifying the capital of Dagestan, Makhachkala, and boosting nature conservation in that city. An insight is provided into the following characteristics of the city's socio-economic and environmental development: the prevalence of haphazard rather than consistent patterns in the development of the living environment of Makhachkala residents and an extreme lack of funding for nature conservation activities. The four key sites within Makhachkala's potential "green shield" are (1) Eltav Forest in the northwest; (2) the Caspian Sea with its sandy beaches in the northeast; (3) Lake Ak-Gel in the southeast; (4) Tarki-Tau Mountain in the southwest. The need is stressed for creative management decisions that will take full account of the ethnocultural and ethnopsychological characteristics of the city's urban environment.

Application of GIS in selection of location for construction of nuclear power plants in Serbia

The use of nuclear energy in the world represents one of the main alternatives to fossil fuels. Significant greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion could be replaced by cleaner energy such as nuclear. In this paper, by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), available databases and Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the results in the selection of the location for the construction of nuclear power plants (NPP) in Serbia were obtained. The research area includes zones between large rivers (Danube, Sava, Tisa, Velika Morava) with an area of 8757.45 km². An analysis of natural (seismicity, geological background, hypsometry, slope of the terrain, distance from faults, ground cover, land use method) and anthropogenic conditions (distance from the state border, settlements, roads and railways) was carried out, with the elimination of protected areas from further research due to of its ecological significance. After multi-criteria analysis, weighting coefficients were assigned for each criterion using the AHP method. The results showed that 0.02% of the area is suitable, and 8.68% partially suitable for the construction of nuclear power plants. This paper provides an adequate overview of the most suitable locations for the use of nuclear energy, so that the obtained results can be applied in further research by national services in charge of nuclear sciences.

Geographical image of the world in the London Psalter Maps from the 13th century

The subjects of this paper are two maps from the 13th century Psalter, found in London. These are the Psalter World Map and the Psalter List Map. Both maps are designed in the shape of a circular disk, modeled on medieval mappae mundi T-O type. The first is a pictorial map, the second is descriptive. The primary goal of these maps was not to objectively present geographical reality, but to express biblical symbolism and medieval Christian cosmology and thus serve as a reminder in devotional practice. By their deconstruction, we discover not only the religious Christian view of the world, but also the historical and cultural representations of medieval people projected on a geographical basis. Maps from the London Psalter have so far been viewed more as a "religious document" than as an objective "geographical image" and a "historical document". Therefore, they were rarely used as a historicalgeographical source. The aim of this paper is to deconstruct the text and context of the mentioned two maps and thus interpret their imaginative geography and geographical representations, the meaning of symbols and toponyms, which may be of interest to researchers dealing not only with historical cartography but also with historical and human geography.

Written word of Pavle M. Vujević

After completing Serbian Orthodox Gimnasium in 1889, in Novi Sad, Pavle M. Vujević, he has been studied geography in Vienna, where in 1904 he defended doctoral disertation. He improved his knowledge in climarology and meteorology in Berlin and Postdam. For full professor of University of Belgrade he was scelected in 1921. He has written more than 150 scientific articles from climatology, meteorology, hydrology and geography.

The influence of tourism development on the economic structure of the population of Belgrade

The paper analyzed the impact of tourism development on changes in the employed population in the service sectors by individual activities. The aim of this paper is to point out the relationship between changes in the number of tourists and changes in the number of employed population in service activities. The area of research is limited to the territory of the city of Belgrade. It cover an area of 3.223km2 . The basic methodological procedures used for research are mathematical - statistical methods: Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), testing the significance of the correlation coefficient (t test) and causal relationship (R). By applying the mentioned methods, a strong connection has been established between the growth of tourist traffic and the growth of the number of employed population in the service delivery activities on the territory of Belgrade.

Research possibilities of extreme hydrological phenomena in Serbia in the function of climate change adaptation

Many natural disasters are nowadays interpreted as consequences of climate changes. They represent a form of extreme occurrences, i.e. deviation of normal conditions. They are recognized as deviation in the intensity, frequency or spatial distribution of a phenomenon from normal conditions. Thus, they represent a threat to ecosystems, economic stability and can lead to social and political problems. So far, there is no generally accepted classification of the disasters. This paper starts from the fact that a special grouping represents disasters that are happening as result of interaction of atmosphere and hydrosphere, due to the mutual interconnections. It is considered that the genetic grouping of climatehydrological extremes represents the majority of natural disasters. In the near past, the Southeast Europe countries were exposed to hydrological extremes whose causes were atmospheric occurrences. Due to the region's compactness and similar geographical conditions, these countries were sensitive to similar phenomena. The paper discusses about the hydrological extremes in Serbia that represents the result of extreme climatic conditions in relation to the consequences they have in the geographical surrounding. A total of 19 extreme hydrological phenomena have been outlined in this paper. Based on the level of destructiveness, they are classified into five categories: exceptional, significant, dangerous, strong and catastrophic. Each of them can be identified using statistical thresholds as physical parameters. The type of distribution basically determines the way in which thresholds are calculated. Four methods for their detection are outlined: the normal distribution method, the peaks method, the deciles method and the recurrence interval method. Defining each unfavorable phenomenon, their classification and determination of methods for detection are conditions for recognition and announcement. This allows an adequate reaction from the social community and the risks of disasters are reduced.

Relationship between spatial and development planning at the local level in the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina

The mutual relationship between spatial and development planning at the local level is a very current topic that has concrete consequences for development processes in local government units in the territory of Republika Srpska (RS). Although it is still unregulated from the legislative point of view, local development planning is much more present in practice, which is primarily manifested in the almost complete coverage of the territory of the RS by local development strategies. The connection of these documents to spatial and urban plans has not been treated in an appropriate way, which leads to a certain degree of their mutual inconsistency. The basic hypothesis of this paper arises from this statement, and that is that the lack of a clearly defined connection with spatial planning in the methodology of drafting local development documents leads to the inconsistency of these documents as the final result. As an auxiliary hypothesis, the assumption will be investigated that a large discrepancy in the coverage of the territory of the Republika Srpska between local development strategies and spatial plans of local government units also contributed to this inconsistency.

Using R packages 'tmap', 'raster' and 'ggmap' for cartographic visualization: An example of dem-based terrain modelling of Italy, Apennine Peninsula

The main purpose of this article is to present the use of R programming language in cartographic visualization demonstrating using machine learning methods in geographic education. Current trends in education technologies are largely influenced by the possibilities of distance-learning, e-learning and selflearning. In view of this, the main tendencies in modern geographic education include active use of open source GIS and publicly available free geospatial datasets that can be used by students for cartographic exercises, data visualization and mapping, both at intermediate and advanced levels. This paper contributes to the development of these methods and is fully based on the datasets and tools available for every student: the R programming language and the free open source datasets. The case study demonstrated in this paper show the examples of both physical geographic mapping (geomorphology) and socio-economic geography (regional mapping) which can be used in the classes and in self-learning. The objective of this research includes geomorphological modelling of the terrain relief in Italy and regional mapping. The data include dem SRTM90 and datasets on regional borders of Italy embedded in R packages 'maps' and 'mapdata'. Modelling references to the characteristics of slope, aspect, hillshade and elevation, their visualization using R packages: 'raster' and 'tmap'. Regional mapping of Italy was made using main package 'ggmap' with the 'ggplot2' as a wrapper. The results present five thematic maps (slope, aspect, hillshade, elevation and regions of Italy) created in R language. Traditionally used in statistical analysis, R is less known as a perfect tool in geographic education. This paper contributes to the development of methods in geographic education by presenting new technologies of the machine learning methods of mapping.