Review on Heart Water Disease in Ruminants at Suro District

Heart water is a tick borne infectious disease of ruminants affecting cattle, sheep, goats and antelope which is caused by the rickettsia organism cowdria ruminatium. The objective of this seminar is to review on heart water disease (cowdrosis) with the successful control of the disease. Heart water occurs only where vector ticks of the genus amblyomma are active and was limited in its occurrence to Africa, Madagascar and three countries in the West Indies. It is one of the main causes of death in imported breeds of cattle, sheep and goats in Africa south of the Sahara desert. A tentative diagnosis of heart water is based on the presence of amblomma vectors, of clinical nervous signs, and of transudates in the pericardium and thorax at postmortem examination, which must then be confirmed by demonstration of the causative organism or its DNA. Methods of control and prevention of cawdriosis is through chemotherapy, vaccination and vector control. Therefore calves of less than 4 weeks and lambs in the first week of life should be immunized.

Jalousie Conflit Matrimoniale

L’objet de notre étude porte sur la jalousie. Définie comme un sentiment fondé sur le désir de posséder la personne aimée et sur la crainte de la perdre au profit d’un rival, l’objectif ici est de confronter les logiques relationnelles établies entre les partenaires de la relation face à la jalousie dans le couple. En partant du constat que la jalousie constitue l’une des principales causes des conflits matrimoniaux et des violences conjugales, il s’agit de comprendre d’une part, comment se donne à voir le phénomène de la jalousie au sein du couple, en terme de crises, de conflits et de violences conjugales. Et d’autre part, pourquoi la jalousie cause-t-elle autant de crimes passionnels au sein de notre société aujourd’hui l’hypothèse stipule que la jalousie est une modalité ambivalente d’interactions conjugales qui induit un déséquilibre du lien affectif excessif dans le fonctionnement du couple. Autrement dit, il s’agit des modes relationnels interactifs qui engendrent des violences conjugales parce que l’enjeu repose sur des modalités bipolaires. Une enquête de terrain par entretien semi-directifs à été effectuée au quartier Malibé dans la commune d’Akanda auprès de d’un échantillon de dix couples, dont quatre en couples mariées et six vivant maritalement et sous le même toit. En considérant le couple comme le lieu où l’homme et la femme trouvent leur épanouissement, notre modèle d’analyse s’inscrit dans la théorie de l’analyse des comportements individuels de Raymond BOUDON. Toutefois, elle intègre également les paradigmes fonctionnalistes de DURKHEIN (contrôle et contraintes) et ceux de l’interactionnisme symbolique de Goffman (Stigmates). Le traitement qualitatif des données collectées nous a permis de voir comment les comportements individuels, dans une relation amoureuse où alternent passion et peur (c’est-à-dire la jalousie), peuvent conduire aux conflits matrimoniaux et au-delà et aux violences conjugales. D’où la confirmation de notre hypothèse de recherche fondée sur le déséquilibre d’un lien affectif excessif entre preuve d’amour et crainte de la perte de l’autre, exclusivité affective et émotions destructrices.

The Effect of the Ex-Smoker as an Educator on Smoking Behavior and Vital Lung Capacity of the Suspect Lung Cancer Patients

The study is aimed at getting information the effect of the ex-smoker as an educator on smoking behaviour and the lung vital capacity of the suspect lung cancer patients. The study design is quasi experiment. Respondents of the research are 45 suspect lung cancer patients taken from 4 hospitals. The data are analysed by parametric and nonparametric, level of significant 0.05. The result showed the ex-smoker as an educator able to increase the knowledge score, to decrease the average number of cigarettes smoked per-day and to increase the vital lung capacity, significantly. Keywords: educator; smoking behaviour; suspect lung cancer patients

Gasim Alwi THE LAND USE ANALYSIS OF OIL PALM PLANTATION TO INCREASE OF INCOME IN EAST KALIMANTAN PROVINCE

The development of oil palm plantation has been playing important roles in the economic development, which in turn increasing the income of rural community in East Kalimantan. However, this development will trigger the conversion of land function from forest and farming lands to oil palm plantations. This research applies unit analysis of sub-district/village in the region of East Kalimantan Province using pixel format (1 pixel was equivalent to 1.000 ha) through the process of geospatial model during the research period from 2000 to 2011. Secondary data were used in the process of regression model analysis of using OLS (Ordinary Least Square) and Probit Estimation to estimate the land use and the income of oil palm farmers. The results of model shows that (1) land use for oil palm plantation, has a significant positive correlation with variables, deforestation and the area of oil palm plantation, but the area of forest land cover has a negative correlation. The result also shows that there was a negative correlation between deforestation variable and forest variable. This was because not all of the lands used for plantation were derived from forest lands. (2) In terms of probit panel estimation model, it was found that there was a positive and significant effect of production oil palm plantation on expansion of oil palms and (3) income of households that have oil palm plantations. Forest land use and development needs to be controlled by taking economic factor into account; otherwise, it will give a negative impact on the income of the community.

Amalgam and Composite Use among Dentists and Dental Interns in Saudi Arabia

Aim: The aim of this study was to detect the use of amalgam versus resin composite restorations placed in permanent posterior vital teeth among dentists practicing in Saudi Arabia and dental interns training in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: 318 patients aged ≥ 8 years were randomly selected and clinically examined for amalgam and resin composite restorations placed in permanent posterior vital teeth by dentists and by dental interns in Saudi Arabia. The restorations were placed in teeth preparations Class I and Class II. Also, bitewing and or periapical radiographs were used to define the depth of the cavity. The data obtained were documented in a patient examination form then statistically analyzed using Chi-Square Test or Fisher-Freeman-Halton Test and Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient. Results: Composite was the predominant kind of restoration placed by dental interns, and dentists placed more composite restorations than amalgam ones. There was an insignificant relationship between the kind of restoration placed by dental interns (amalgam, composite) and the tooth type (maxillary / mandibular premolar, maxillary / mandibular molar), the class of tooth preparation, the cavity depth, the age of the patient, and the gender of the patient p> 0.05. However, there was a significant relationship between the kind of restoration placed by dentists (amalgam, composite) and the cavity depth p < 0.05. Also, dentists placed more composite restorations in maxillary first premolars and in young patients 8-29 years, while they placed more amalgam restorations in mandibular second molars and in older patients 41-50 years p < 0.05. There was an insignificant relationship between the kind of restoration placed by dentists (amalgam, composite) and the class of cavity preparation and the gender of the patient p > 0.05. Conclusion: Both dentists and dental interns used composite restorative material more than amalgam, but dentists placed more amalgam restorations than dental interns. Dental interns mainly used composite. Keywords: Amalgam, Composite, Class, Dentist, Depth, Intern, Type.

Patterns of Prosthetic Treatment Modalities in Implant Dentistry in a Saudi Population

Aim:The aim of this study was to detect and describe the patterns of implant prosthetic treatment modalities placed in partially and fully edentulous Saudi patients restored with dental implants in Saudi Arabia, and to detect the status of the health insurance covering dental implants in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: 520 Saudi patients aged ≥18 years residing in Saudi Arabia and treated with at least one dental implant done in dental health premises in Saudi Arabia were randomly included in the study. Clinical and radiographic examination were used to detect implant prostheses types (single-tooth implant, implant-supported long or short span conventional fixed bridge, implant overdenture). The health insurance covering dental implants was detected too. The data obtained including age, gender, systemic disease, and tobacco smoking were documented in a patient examination form then statistically analyzed using Chi-Square Test and U-Test. Results: The most frequently tooth type replaced by dental implants was the molars (45.5%), followed by premolars (40%), incisors (7.7%), and canines (6.8%); mandibular first molars were the most common tooth type replaced by implants. Single-tooth implant was the most common prosthetic treatment modality (85.2%), followed by implant-supported short span conventional fixed bridge (9.8%), implant overdenture (2.8%), and implant-supported long span conventional fixed bridge (2.2%). The majority of implant overdenture prostheses were seen in the age group ≥ 60 years. Implant-supported long span fixed bridge prostheses were more in patients aged ≥ 50 years than in patients aged < 50 years, while single-tooth implant prostheses were more in patients aged < 50 years than in patients aged ≥ 50 years. Of all teeth types replaced by dental implants, molars were the most common type seen in implant-supported long span fixed bridges and in single-tooth implants, whereas canines were the most common type seen in overdentures. There was an insignificant difference in the median number of dental implants between males and females. Conclusion: Single-tooth implant is major. Health insurance policy doesn’t cover dental implants in Saudi Arabia. Keywords: Implant, Modalities, Prostheses/Prosthetic, Type

Success Rate of Endo Crowns- Reported by Dental Practitioners in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

Aim of study: To investigate the successful rate for Endo crowns done by Saudi doctors. Materials and Methods: survey study contain explanatory questions about the problems of Endo crowns may doctor face it, collected from sample size 100 of Dental Senior, Intern and specialties, the data was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 19. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics were done including frequencies, mean and Chi square test with the value of significance kept under 0.05. Results: our result showed that there is statistically significant increase of successful rate of endo crowns depends on the survey questions. Conclusions: Within the limits of this study it can show the efficiency of Endo crowns.

Dental Malpractice in Implant Dentistry in Saudi Arabia

Aim: The aim of this study was to detect and analyze dental malpractice in the field of implant dentistry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: 106 patients aged ≥ 18 years with at least one professional malpractice in implant dentistry done in dental health premises in Saudi Arabia were included in the study. Clinical and radiographic examinations were used to detect preoperative (diagnosis and treatment planning), intraoperative (implant insertion), and postoperative (post surgery and prosthesis) complications. The data obtained including age and gender were documented in a patient examination form then statistically analyzed using Chi-Square Test and Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient. Results: The percentages of patients were equally divided among the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases p > 0.05. More than half of the patients were females (61.3%). The majority of the patients were in the age group 50-60 years. Also, the majority of the patients had implants with malpractice placed in the posterior region. Exactly half of the patients had implants with malpractice placed in the maxilla. In addition, exactly half of the patients had technical errors violating the surrounding structures; (37.7%) of the patients had damage to adjacent tooth and (11.3%) had inferior alveolar nerve damage; also, (4.7%) of them had sinus penetration. Furthermore, at the patient level, age and gender were not related to implant failure, and (75.5%) of the patients had implant failure. With respect to peri-implantitis, patients ≥ 50 years of age were more than patients < 50 years of age. However, gender and maxilla were not related to peri-implantitis. The prevalence of peri-implantitis was 20.8% at the patient level. In partially edentulous patients, implant fracture was (1.17%) at the implant level. Conclusion: Implant malpractice equally occurred among the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases. Keywords: Failure, Implant, Intraoperative, Malpractice, Peri-implantitis, Postoperative, Preoperative.

Dental Malpractice in Implant Dentistry in Saudi Arabia: Preoperative and Intraoperative Complications

Aim: The aim of this study was to detect preoperative and intraoperative dental malpractice in the field of implant dentistry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: 115 patients aged ≥ 18 years with at least one professional malpractice in implant dentistry done in dental health premises in Saudi Arabia were included in the study. Clinical and Radiographic examinations were used to detect preoperative complications (poor patient selection, diagnosis, inappropriate treatment planning) and intraoperative complications (damage to adjacent tooth, inferior alveolar nerve damage, sinus penetration, and implant positional failure due to poor surgical execution).The data obtained including age and gender were documented in a patient examination form then statistically analyzed using Chi-Square Test and Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient. Results: More than half of the patients were females (62.6%). The majority of the patients were in the age group 50-60 years (31.3%). Also, the majority of the patients had implants with malpractice placed in the posterior region. Exactly half of the patients had implants with malpractice placed in the maxilla. In addition, exactly half of the patients had technical errors violating the surrounding structures; (39.1%) of the patients had damage to adjacent tooth, (11.3%) had inferior alveolar nerve damage, and (4.3%) had sinus penetration. Conclusion: Patients were equally divided between implant positional failure due to preoperative inappropriate treatment planning and that due to intraoperative poor surgical execution. Solid theoretical knowledge and polished surgical skills are key success factors for accurate implant placement.