Development Electronic Magazine-Shaped Teaching Material for Key Determination and Cladogram of Class X Through Etnobotany and Phytochemical Studies

Background: The use of teaching materials in learning can improve learning results. It requires interesting teaching materials whose material is in accordance with the basic competencies to be achieved. One of the teaching materials that can be used is an electronic magazine. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity, practicality, and potential effects of the use of teaching materials on study results. In the key material of determination and cladogram. Methods: Development research was carried out using the 4D model, with the research subjects of class X students at SMAN 2 Palembang. Result: (1) the validity was 100% from a material expert, 89% from linguists, 75% from media experts; (2) practically is known that the NRS is 91% of students and 98% of biology teachers; (3) the N-gain test obtained a score of 0,64 with the medium potential category to improve learning outcomes in the realm of knowledge, while for the skills of students, they were able to make and present cladogram. Conclusion: Teaching materials in the form of electronic magazines are declared valid, practical, and have sufficient potential to improve study results. Suggestions: (1) this teaching material is suitable for use in school where the majority of students have the availability of facilities, such as gadgets, quota, and conducive learning environment; (2) it is hoped that other researchers will use this teaching material to see the consistency of potential effects of teaching material on learning results.

Analysis of the Results of DNA Isolation from Chicken Feather Sampled from the Base of the Young Feathers, the base of the Old Feathers and the Ends of the Feathers

Background: The Microbiology and Molecular Biology testing laboratory at the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency in Gorontalo analyzed the results of DNA isolation from chicken feathers obtained from the base of young feathers, the base of elderly feathers, and the tips of the feathers. The goal was to provide information on the use of DNA templates in chicken samples so that the molecular research sampling process may employ feathers instead of hurting the test animals. The sample used consisted of 10 Bangkok chickens which were sampled for young feathers and old feathers and the tips of the feathers. Method: Quantitative techniques by comparing the results of DNA isolation which were analyzed using a nano photometer and then confirmed using real-time PCR with the SYBR green method. Result: The analysis of purity and concentration showed that at the base of young chicken feathers, the average value of purity was at 1,790, with an average value of the concentration of 4,210. At the base of the old feather, the average value of purity was 0.638, with an average concentration value that was not detected. Likewise, at the tip of the feather, the average purity value is 0.894 and the concentration value is not detected. Confirmation tests performed on all samples using the real-time PCR melt curve method showed that all samples were detected with a Tm value of 78.5 for young feathers, 78.5 for old feathers, 79.0 for positive controls and 78.7 for positive controls, while negative controls were not detected. Conclusion: DNA isolation can be carried out at the base of the young feathers, the base of the old feathers and the tips of the feathers.

Knowledge Analysis of High School Students on Work Safety in Laboratory

Background: A laboratory is a learning tool for conducting experiments or observations. Knowledge of workplace safety procedures and laboratory tools and materials can simplify and streamline the learning process. This study aims to analyze the knowledge of high school students on laboratory work safety material. Methods: This study is a quantitative study, namely research that describes students' knowledge of laboratory work safety. The research subjects were students of class X MIA 1 and MIA 2 SMAN 7 Jambi City, class X students of SMAS Insan Madani Jambi. Primary data on students' abilities about work safety in the laboratory were measured by a multiple-choice test consisting of 4 alternative choices, namely A, B, C, and D. Secondary data were taken by using an interview sheet for class X biology. Data were analyzed according to Miles and Huberman, namely data reduction, display data, and conclusions. Results: High school students' knowledge of work safety materials in the laboratory is still low, namely 61.86%. Students' knowledge of how to use the tools and their functions showed the lowest percentage, namely 55.36% (poor category), while the safety aspect of laboratory work showed the highest percentage, namely 73.71% (sufficient category). Conclusion: High school students have low knowledge in understanding work safety material in the laboratory. It is necessary to deepen the material so that students' knowledge of laboratory work safety increases.

The Opportunity of Spent Bleaching Earth (Bentonite) and Silica Solubilizing Bacteria as Silica Source for Induction of Secondary Metabolites Production in Plants

Background: CPO refining which produces solid waste namely spent bleaching earth (SBE) in large quantities can pollute the environment. SBE from bentonite ores contains large amounts of silica, so it can be an alternative source of silica minerals. Silica plays an important role in increasing plant resistance and bioactive plant compound products. Methods: The application of Si in plants can increase secondary metabolites such as phenolic and anti-fungal compounds in response to disease pathogens. However, the low solubility of silica makes silica not sufficiently available for plants. Using microorganisms as silica solubilizing bacteria helps increasing solubility of silica in the soil. Bacteria dissolve silica by removing organic acids and producing indole acetic acid (AAI), which stimulates root hairs. Results: This review presents the results of a study on the utilization of silica-rich SBE waste as a source of available silica for plants with solubilizing method using bacteria to increase plant growth and resistance, as well as increase plant secondary metabolite compounds. Conclusions: The application of silica solubilizing bacteria has been known to play an important role in providing silica for plants, through enzymatic mechanisms, namely the production of organic acids and extracellular polysaccharides.

Exploration of pitcher plants in University of Palangka Raya

Background: This research is a pilot project of plant diversity, especially the pitcher plant species (Nepenthes sp) at Palangka Raya University. The study aimed at identifying the pitcher plants (Nepenthes sp.) at Palangka Raya University. In August-November 2020 conducted this research.Methods: Data on the diversity of pitcher plants were collected using the exploring method. Data analysis used a literature study to identified using the identification book of pitcher plants. Results: The study results found three pitcher plant species in the forest on the campus of Palangka Raya University. The pitcher plants are Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce, Nepenthes gracilis Korth., and Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack. Conclusions: The range of environmental parameter values ​​is air temperature 28-380C, medium-open coverage, 62-98% humidity, and soil pH of 5-7.5.

Variations in Morphology and Anatomy of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Based on Differences in Altitude

Background: Breadfruit [Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg] is a versatile plant that can be used by humans. Breadfruit has morphological variations that are thought to be related to anatomical variations that are formed as an adaptation mechanism to survive in a different area. This plant has the ability to live in different altitude ranges, from coastal areas to upland areas. This research was conducted for eight months in areas with altitude ranges of <350 masl, 350-700 masl, and >700 masl in Banyumas, Purbalingga, and Cilacap Regencies. Sampling of plants was carried out randomly selected (purposive random sampling), then described their morphological characteristics. Furthermore, the leaves are made for anatomical preservation to determine the anatomical character. Breadfruit plants that grow at an altitude of less than 350 m above sea level have the characteristics of a higher, larger diameter stem, have a tighter branching, more sap production, a higher number of fruit and have a larger fruit size. The anatomical characteristics of breadfruit plants that grow at an altitude of less than 350 masl have stomata characters that are wider and longer than those of 350-700 masl and > 700 masl. The highest stomata and trichomata density at an altitude > 700 masl. The highest mean cuticle thickness, epidermis, palisade ratio and mesophyll thickness were highest in breadfruit leaves at altitudes <350 masl.

Implementation And Factors That Affect Online Learning In Biology Lessons

Background: Online learning changes the learning pattern that is usually done face-to-face into a distance education system, so there will be factors that influence it. This also has an impact on biology lessons at Xaverius High School Lubuklinggau. This study aims to determine the perception of the implementation of online learning in biology lessons and determine the factors that influence it. Methods: this research uses descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques using observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation which are then analyzed by technical analysis of Miles & Huberman. The research subjects were biology teachers and all students of grades X, XI, and XII science at Xaverius High School Lubuklinggau. Results: the implementation of learning in biology lessons that have been carried out at Xaverius Lubuklinggau High School there are planning, implementation and evaluation activities as well as face-to-face learning, but in the implementation there are factors that influence, namely the material cannot be explained, the response of class X students is less active, supervision of the assessment, the ability of teachers to use various educational applications, difficulty in assessing the character of students, some students do not understand the material provided, and the learning environment. Conclusion. The implementation of online learning that is applied there are still planning, implementation and evaluation activities, but in the implementation there are several factors that influence both supporting and inhibiting factors.

Diversity of Entomophatogenic Fungi from Gunung Tukung Gede Nature Reserve

Background: Entomopathogenic fungi are one of the potential biodiversity assets to be used as biological control agents. However, information about the diversity of entomopathogenic fungi, especially in the Gunung Tukung Gede (GTG) nature reserve is very limited. The purpose of this study was to provide information on the biodiversity of entomopathogenic fungi in the GTG nature reserve. Methods: The entomopathogenic fungi were explored from 3 different stations: primary forest, secondary forest and disturbed forest. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated identified both macroscopically and microscopically. Results: A total of 15 specimens of entomopathogenic fungi consisting of 5 families and 8 types of fungi successfully isolate. The entomopathogen fungi were Basidiobolus haptosporus, Beauveria bassiana., Metarhizium aniesophalie, Paecilomyces sp., Aschersonia sp., Aspergillus sp. 1, Aspergillus sp.2, and Septobasidium sp. These fungi infect insect hosts from the orders Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Homoptera. The index of the diversity of entomopathogenic fungi at 3 consecutive stations is 1.5495; 1.3322; and 0.6365 (medium category). Conclusions: The GTG Nature Reserve has a unique diversity of entomopathogenic fungi. Therefore, further research is needed in order to determine the diversity and potential utilization of the existing entomopathogenic fungi.

Biological Aspects of Waanders’s Hard-lipped Barbs (Osteochilus waandersii) in Tambatan River, North Sumatera, Indonesia

Background: Waanders’s hard-lipped barbs or scientifically known as Osteochilus waandersii belong to the family Cyprinidae with the potamodromous category. This fish can be found in the Tambatan river. It has the potential for commercial consumption or ornamental fish. Methods: This study was conducted in the Tambatan river from November to January 2021. The determination of three research stations was carried out using a purposive sampling method. Sampling was undertaken using cast nets. Furthermore, data analyzed were growth patterns, condition factors, and gonad maturity levels. Results: The growth patterns of male (1.944) and female (2.379) Osteochilus waandersii were in a negative allometric category. Besides, The Fulton's condition factor for male fish ranged from 0.42 - 3.43 with an average of 1.05, while that for female fish ranged from 0.59 - 3.67 with an average of 1.47. The result of the observation on the gonad maturity level for male and female O. waandersii in the Tambatan river indicated that they were dominated by fish with gonad maturity stage I (immature). Conclusions: Waanders’s hard-lipped barbs O. waandersii found were in the stage towards the mature level.

Potential of Bioactive Compounds of Arenga Vinegar as Traditional Medicine Through Reverse Docking Techniques

Background: Arenga vinegar (Arenga pinnata) has been trusted by the indigenous people of Kampung Kuta as traditional medicine, one of which is used as a diabetes medicine. For this reason, the aim of this study is to examine the bioactive compounds contained in arenga vinegar, namely acetic acid, which is predicted to be scientifically proven using reverse docking techniques. Methods: This research is descriptive qualitative research, by interpreting the data obtained from databases and software. Results: There is a binding pose between acetic acid and the sucrase-isomaltase enzyme, the lowest binding affinity value is -3.2 kcal/mol, and the binding site occurs hydrophobic interactions with the amino acids Trp327 (A), Asp355 (A), Ile392 (A), Trp470 (A), Phe604 (A), His629 (A), Trp586 (A) as well as hydrogen bonding to the amino acid Asp(472)A. Conclusions: The acetic acid-binding pose binds well to the sucrase-isomaltase enzyme so that the binding affinity value appears even though the value is not too low and the binding site occurs, this can be used as proof of the belief of the indigenous people of Kampung Kuta, namely the treatment of arenga vinegar as a diabetes drug, especially as a level control blood sugar.