Bentuk Kebijakan Amerika Serikat Terhadap Ancaman Cyber Crime China Sebagai Bentuk Upaya Proteksianisme Terhadap Keamanan Nasional

Globalisasi telah mendorong perkembangan terknologi yang semakin tidak terbatas dan membawa perubahan signifikan terhadap keamanan suatu Negara. Perkembangan teknologi ini pula sebenarnya tidak hanya bedampak baik tetapi juga bisa menjadi suatu ancaman tergantung dari cara memanfaatkannya. China sebagai salah satu Negara yang mengalami perkembangan pesat tersebut menggunakan kesempatan ini untuk mencari celah dan mengambil keuntungan dari Negara targetnya yaitu Amerika Serikat. Sejak terjadinya peretasan pada awal tahun 2000an oleh China, Amerika Serikat menggap ini sebagai ancaman untuk keamanan nasionalnya, oleh karena sebagai upaya untuk memproteksi diri dari ancaman cybercrime Amerika Serikat membuat beberapa kebijakan terkait dengan keamanan cybernya. Dalam penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai konsep keamanan nasional terkait dengan maraknya Cybercrime, dan bentuk bentuk peretasan yang dilakukan oleh China terhadap Amerika Serikat yang nantinya mempengaruhi Amerika Serikat untuk membuat kebijakan di negaranya. Terbukti dari dikeluarkannya beberapa dokumen yang menempatkan cyber security sebagai keamanan utama di Amerika Serikat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif yang menggambarkan keadaan subjek atau objek dalam penelitian yang dapat berupa orang, lembaga, masyarakat dan yang lainnya yang pada saat sekarang berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang tampak atau apa adanya. Serta menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan data data yang ada sesuai dengan fakta dilapangan . Kata Kunci : Amerika Serikat, China, Keamanan, Cybercrime, Kebijakan

IMPLIKASI PERUBAHAN UNDANG-UNDANG PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH TERHADAP KEWENAGAN TATA KELOLA PEMANFAATAN ENERGI DAN SUMBERDAYA MINERAL OLEH PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH DI INDONESIA

This paper attempts to examine the authority of the Regional Government following the amendment of the Regional Government Law Number 32 of 2004 to Law No. 23 of 2014. The compilation of this paper is based on a review of Library and Legislation. One of the important points in the amendment of the Law on Regional Government relates to the authority of the Regional Government in the Management of Mineral Resources. The implications of the amendments to the Law on Regional Government include the decreasing authority of the Government of Tinggua II related to the granting of permits and supervision of the utilization of energy and natural resources in the area of regencies / cities in Indonesia. public policy making (public policy making). Energy and Mineral Resources have now played a very important role in the development of the Indonesian economy, which serves as one of the backbone of state revenue. The management of Natural Resources needs to be done optimally, efficiently, transparently, sustainably and environmentally sound, and equitable in order to gain the greatest benefit for the people's sustainable prosperity.

DISKRESI SEBAGAI KEBEBASAN BERTINDAK PEMERINTAH (Tinjauan Konseptual dan Empris)

The concept of discretion is the concept of power, in this case the power of government in the sense of narrow (bestuur). Discretion as a concept of power is power in a specific sense, not in the routine sense. The power of discretion here is the freedom of government action. Freedom here has a neutral understanding, which describes the existence of a power to choose various actions. This discussion aims to provide clarity on the concept of discretionary power in the administration of government that is still controversial from various aspects so that the concept of power of discretion is not only acceptable power, but also at the same time acceptable juridically and morally / ethically. The discussion is complemented by empirical aspects of the application of discretion to the implementation of local government in Indonesia. The central government guarantees the protection of discretionary regional heads to accelerate the development and welfare of the people. Ministry of Home Affairs, explains that there are now Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government, and Law No. 30 of 2014 on Government Administration, which guarantees discretion by the regional head. In principle, Law No. 23 of 2014 and Law No. 30 of 2014 serve as guidelines for the regional head to innovate and undertake discretion without hesitation and fear. However, the government's discretionary powers must remain operative under a legal system of the rule of law. Under the prescriptions of the rule of law principle, the government's discretionary powers coexist with the rule of law principle, the power of government discretion coexists with the principle of responsible goverment.

EVALUASI TUGAS CAMAT DALAM MEMBINA PENYELENGGARAAN PEMERINTAHAN DESA DI KECAMATAN ROKAN IV KOTO KABUPATEN ROKAN HULU

study aims to determine and explain the results of the implementation of the authority of the Camat in fostering the Implementation of Village Government in Rokan IV Koto Sub-District Rokan Hulu and to know the factors inhibiting the tasks of the sub-district Head in fostering the Village Government, and to know the appropriate pattern of coaching for the implementation of the village government in Rokan IV Koto Subdistrict, this research is in the form of field research by way of survey with Likert-scale processing, while viewed from the nature of this research is descriptive analysis that explains and develops various research findings in the field and analyze the data so that obtained an answer to the problems formulated, the population is mostly and some are small, so the researchers do the sampling. For the Village Head is directly limited to 3 Villages with 3 Village Heads, Village Secretaries with 3 Sekdes, Village Governors 3, Dusun Head 3, and BPD 19 using techniques using saturated sampling techniques other term census techniques. To analyze the data, in this case the data that have been collected are grouped according to each data type then presented in Likert scale table. Furthermore, the data that has been presented in the form of the table is analyzed descriptively, ie analysis in the form of descriptions and explanations of the table presented, from the results of the discussion that has been done it can be drawn conclusions, among others are: Evaluation of District Camat in Fostering the Implementation of Village Government in Rokan IV Koto Sub-district Rokan Hulu District with 6 indicators of assessment are: Efficiency, Effectiveness, Responsiveness, Supervision, Consultation of Government Affairs Implementation, it can be categorized as Good Enough. Based on observation items obstacles observation faced in the implementation of village administration is the budget for the implementation of these activities so that the element of the builder is a major element that must be improved prior to coaching on the specially developed in Rokan IV Koto District Rokan Hulu District.

HUBUNGAN KERJA PEMERINTAH DESA DENGAN LEMBAGA ADAT DALAM PENGELOLAAN KEKAYAAN DESA DI DESA LUBUK SIAM KECAMATAN SIAK HULU KABUPATEN KAMPAR

The 1945 Constitution of the State of the Republic of Indonesia opens the possibility of a government structure within the Indonesian system of government. Then the existence of the village is very important in the implementation of the government and in order to realize the National goal. Besides, the village is the leading structure of the government as the spearhead of the success of national development and development carried out by Desa Itu Sendiri. One of these villages is Lubuk Siam Village, Siak Hulu District, Kampar District. In the execution of development in the village using village funds and village income. However, in practice, the original income of Lubuk Siam village was accepted by the adat institution so that the original income of the village was 0 (zero) rupiah. While villages have original source of village income comes from third party donations, lake management and other legitimate income. This study aims to find out how the working relationship of village government with village customary institution in Lubuk Siam village Siak Hulu subdistrict of Kampar regency. To know the system of management of original income of village (PAD) of Lubuk Siam village of Siak Hulu district Kampar regency. The method used in this research is qualitative with the technique of data collection is observation, interview and documentation. As for the informant of the research are Village Head, Customary Institution, Chairman of BPD and Community Leaders and Village Treasurer. The result of the research is the working relationship of the Data Institution with the Village Government in the management of village wealth is first: the partnership relationship in the sense of equally managing the income of the village, the coordination relationship with the deliberation and the social control relationship in which the adat institution oversees the use of the fund. While the management system is received by customary institutions and managed by the village government for village development activities. From the result of the research, it can be concluded that the original village revenue management system of lubuk siam is not in accordance with the applicable regulations because the adat institution is not regulated by its authority in the management of village's wealth. To be supervised by the government in this case Kampar regency government. In order that the management does not violate the rules, the village of Lubuk Siam Subdistrict Siak Hulu proposed to be a traditional village.

DINAMIKA IMPLEMENTASI PENYELENGGARAAN PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH

Structuring of local government has been through various regulations and dynamics in its implementation, since the era of independence until the reform era. The substitution and refinement of a law to its refinement brings implications for the arrangement of powers and affairs undertaken by local governments. Aksentuasinya grapple on what to do in the local government to provide services and realize the welfare of the people. Finally up to the Act No. 23 of 2014 is strengthening the balance of authority between the provincial and district / city government and community involvement in the development process. Previously become the government authorities kew Kabagan / the city then became the affairs and authority of the provincial government.

INOVASI DAERAH DARI PERSEPEKTIF REGULASI, KONSEPTUAL, DAN EMPIR (Tinjauan terhadap pasal Pasal 386 Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah)

In Act No. 23 of 2014 there is a chapter that specifically regulates regional innovation. Mentioned that in the framework of improving the performance of Regional Government, Local Government can innovate. Innovation is all form of renewal in the implementation of Regional Government. Initiatives of innovation can come from regional heads, members of parliament, civil state apparatus, regional apparatus, and community members. This regulation becomes a door for the region to make innovations become increasingly clear. Article 386 of the Regional Government Law expressly states, in the framework of improving the performance of local government administration, local government can innovate. Conceptually Rogers (1961) explains that innovation is an idea, practice, or object that is considered new by the individual one unit of other adoption. The variables affecting the innovation diffusion stage include (1) innovation attributes, (2) types of innovation decisions, (3) communication channels, (4) social system conditions, and (5) the role of change agents. West Java Province serve as an example of a region that successfully implemented local innovation. There are three categories of innovation, namely Governance Governance Innovation, Public Service Innovation, and Sectoral Product Innovation. Governance Innovation Governance, aimed at improving Government performance, apparatus professionalism, and expansion of public participation. While Public Service Innovation is designed to build a quality society and competitive. The Sector Product Innovation is designed to build a robust and equitable economy. This success led to the Governor of West Java awarded as Head of Innovative Region 2017. If West Java Province can apply successful regional innovation, why other regions are still afraid to apply it.

FUNGSI FORUM KOORDINASI PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH (FORKOPIMDA) DALAM SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH DI INDONESIA

Local government together with the Regional Perwakuilan Rakyat (DPRD) held local government and assisted by elements of regional tools related to the implementation of the affairs that become the authority of local government. In the implementation of regional government elements of local government together with the Regional People's Legislative Assembly to organize local government and assisted by elements of regional tools related to the implementation of the affairs that become the authority of local government. In certain matters, the local government is assisted by other elements such as vertical institutions in the region, in the form of the administration of public affairs and other residual matters. In this regard, in Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government, a forum called the Coordination Forum for Regional Leaders or shortened with FORKOPIMDA should be established. FORKOPIMDA formerly called this element of deliberation of regional leadership or abbreviated with MUSPIDA. in carrying out its function FORKOPIMDA still find various problems, such as budgetary sources, management FORKOPIMDA, organizational structure, and so forth. The Regional Leadership Coordination Forum was established based on Law Number 23 of 2014 on Regional Government. Historically the Regional Leadership Coordination Forum was in the form of a Regional Leadership Council or abbreviated as MUSPIDA, the function of Forkopimda is to support the implementation of general government affairs by local governments Activities associated with FORKOPIMDA are funded through the State Budget and Expenditure Budget. It is suggested to the government to immediately issue a government regulation on FORKOPIMDA. It is recommended to Provincial and District / City region to take initiative in tackling the cost of organizing general government affairs. It is advisable to the government to immediately issue a government regulation on FORKOPIMDA and to Provincial and District / City Offices.

EKSISTENSI GUBERNUR SEBAGAI WAKIL PEMERINTAH PUSAT DI DAERAH

In the Indonesian national government system is recognized the existence of local government, the region consists of provincial, district and municipal areas. The Provincial Region is headed by a Governor, a Regency area headed by a Regent and a City area headed by a Mayor. Based on Law Number 23 Year 2014 on Regional Government placed the Governor in 2 (two) functions, namely; As Head of Region and As Deputy of Central Government in Region. The governor as the representative of the central government in the regions gained the delegation of authority from the government to carry out central government affairs in the regions. As a representative of the central government in the region the governor carries out the absolute affairs and implements the concurrent governmental affairs which are the authority of the central government and conducts the guidance and supervision of the districts / municipalities in carrying out the concurrent affairs which are the authority of the district / city government. In the implementation of central government affairs in the region it is necessary to have central government representatives in the regions and vertical institutions. Prior to the issuance of Law Number 23 Year 2014 in relation to the Governor as the representative of the central government in the regions is regulated in Law Number 32 Year 2004 regarding regional government and followed up by Government Regulation No. 7 of 2008 on Deconcentration and Co-Administration. In Act No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government it is stated that the representative of central government in the regions is only given to the Governor, while the Regent / Mayor does not get the authority as a representative of the central government in the region. In carrying out the guidance and supervision on the implementation of government affairs which is the authority of the district / city and the task of assistance by the district / city, the President is assisted by the Governor as the representative of the central government.