The Country'S Crime Rate Moderates the Relation between Authoritarian Predispositions and the Manifestations of Authoritarianism: A Multilevel, Multinational Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Roccato ◽  
Alessio Vieno ◽  
Silvia Russo
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
European Association ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
European Values Survey ◽  
European Values ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Racial Intolerance

We performed a multilevel, multinational test of Stenner's model on authoritarianism using the 2008 European Values Survey dataset (N = 55 199, nested in 38 nations). We focussed on the effects exerted on four authoritarian manifestations (racial intolerance, political intolerance, negative attitudes towards immigrants, and moral intolerance) by the cross–level interaction between participants’ authoritarian predispositions (assessed in terms of childrearing values) and their country's crime rate. Associations between authoritarian predispositions and racial intolerance, political intolerance, negative attitudes towards immigrants, and moral intolerance were significantly stronger among participants living in countries characterised by high crime rates than those among participants living in countries with low crime rates. Limitations, implications, and future directions of this study are discussed. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology.

scholarly journals A Psychometric Network Perspective on the Validity and Validation of Personality Trait Questionnaires

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Christensen ◽  
Hudson Golino ◽  
Paul J. Silvia
Keyword(s):  
Personality Trait ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
European Association ◽  
Structural Phase ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Structural Consistency

This article reviews the causal implications of latent variable and psychometric network models for the validation of personality trait questionnaires. These models imply different data generating mechanisms that have important consequences for the validity and validation of questionnaires. From this review, we formalize a framework for assessing the evidence for the validity of questionnaires from the psychometric network perspective. We focus specifically on the structural phase of validation, where items are assessed for redundancy, dimensionality, and internal structure. In this discussion, we underline the importance of identifying unique personality components (i.e. an item or set of items that share a unique common cause) and representing the breadth of each trait's domain in personality networks. After, we argue that psychometric network models have measures that are statistically equivalent to factor models but we suggest that their substantive interpretations differ. Finally, we provide a novel measure of structural consistency, which provides complementary information to internal consistency measures. We close with future directions for how external validation can be executed using psychometric network models. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Implementation of Data Mining using the Clustering Method (Case: Region of the Actors of Theft Crime by Province)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frinto Tambunan
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Clustering Method ◽  
Central Java ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Crime ◽  
North Sumatra

Theft is a behavior that causes harm to victims who are targeted and cause casualties. This study aims to classify areas of theft crimes based on provision by using data mining techniques. Data was obtained from the Indonesian statistical center (Badan Pusat Statistik) consisting of 34 provinces. The grouping technique used is K-Means. Clusters are divided into 3 namely: C1: areas with high crime rates of theft, C2: areas with crime rates of ordinary theft and C3: areas with low theft crime rates. Data processing is done using the help of RapidMiner software. The results of the k-means analysis obtained 17 provinces in Indonesia have the highest theft crime rate (C1), namely: Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, Lampung, DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Banten, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, South Kalimantan, South Sulawesi and Papua. The results of the study concluded that more than 50% of regions in Indonesia still had high rates of crime of theft.

Does context matter? Examining robbery reporting in a high crime country

2021 ◽  
pp. 174889582110313
Author(s):  
Wilson Hernández ◽  
Katrina R Heimark
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Violent Victimization ◽  
The World ◽  
Victimization Rate ◽  
Global North ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Crime

Most empirical studies that examine why individuals report property crimes to the police have focused on Global North countries where crime rates are low. This study is situated in the most violent area of the world, Latin America, and examines Peru, which has the highest robbery victimization rate in the Americas. This article examines the applicability of theories of crime reporting in this Global South context using a large sample and multilevel modeling. We find that trust in the police has no impact on the reporting of the robbery of one’s cellphone, purse or wallet. The theories of rational choice and Black’s stratification of law provide strong explanations for the reporting of robbery of these personal items. Individuals of higher social status and those who reside in districts with low levels of social disadvantage are more likely to report, as well as those who have experienced violent victimization.

Personality in Action: Assessing Personality to Identify an ‘Ideal’ Conscientious Response Type with Two Different Behavioural Tasks

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 808-825
Author(s):  
Gabriela Gniewosz ◽  
Tuulia M. Ortner ◽  
Thomas Scherndl
Keyword(s):  
European Association ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Subjective Response ◽  
Response Type ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Typological Approach ◽  
Related Response

Performance on achievement tests is characterized by an interplay of different individual attributes such as personality traits, motivation or cognitive styles. However, the prediction of individuals’ performance from classical self–report personality measures obtained during large and comprehensive aptitude assessments is biased by, for example, subjective response tendencies. This study goes beyond by using behavioural data based on two different types of tasks, requiring different conscientious–related response behaviours. Moreover, a typological approach is proposed, which includes different behavioural indicators to obtain information on complex personality characteristics. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Does Cooperation in the Laboratory Reflect the Operation of A Broad Trait?

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H.B. McAuliffe ◽  
Daniel E. Forster ◽  
Eric J. Pedersen ◽  
Michael E. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
European Association ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Bifactor Model ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Valid Measure ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Self Assessments

The Dictator Game, a face valid measure of altruism, and the Trust Game, a face valid measure of trust and trustworthiness, are among the most widely used behavioural measures in human cooperation research. Researchers have observed considerable covariation among these and other economic games, leading them to assert that there exists a general human propensity to cooperate that varies in strength across individuals and manifests itself across a variety of social settings. To formalize this hypothesis, we created an S–1 bifactor model using 276 participants’ Dictator Game and Trust Game decisions. The general factor had significant, moderate associations with self–reported and peer–reported altruism, trust, and trustworthiness. Thus, the positive covariation among economic games is not reducible to the games’ shared situational features. Two hundred participants returned for a second session. The general factor based on Dictator Game and Trust Game decisions from this session did not significantly predict self–reported and peer–reported cooperation, suggesting that experience with economic games causes them to measure different traits from those that are reflected in self–assessments and peer–assessments of cooperativeness. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Implementasi Fuzzy Inference System Untuk Menentukan Tingkat Kriminalitas Di Kota Batam

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-221
Author(s):  
Sesri Novia Rizki ◽  
Handra Tipa
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Inference System ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Fuzzy Process ◽  
Job Vacancy ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
High Crime ◽  
The City ◽  
High Crime Rate

Kriminalitas merupakan sebuah perbuatan meyimpang serta merugikan banyak orang.Pada tahun 2017 perekonomian Kota Batam menurun, sehigga banyak perusahaan yang tutup dan menyebabkan tingkat pengangguran meningkat.Kejahatan yang marak terjadi saat ini seperti pembegalan, pencopetan, Penipuan, dan penjampretan tanpa belas kasihan bahkan menyebabkan korban meninggal dunia.Contoh  kejahatan yang sering terjadi berupa pembegalan dan penjamretan  pada daerah tamiang, banyak  korban yang berjatuhan, pelaku Tidak segan melukai bahkan menghilangkan nyawa korbannya. Faktor utama penyebab  kriminalitas seperti tingkat kesenjangan social, pendidikan, pendidikan, pergaulan,  PengangguranLowongan Pekerjaan serta pendidikan sehingga banyak hal yang membuat tingkat kriminalitas yang tinggi di kota Batam. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui tingkat kriminalitas di kota Batam, serta sabagai pembelajaran bagi penduduk batam sehingga terhindar dari kejahatan. Metode yang digunakan menggunakansystem max-mix atau logika sugeno, langkah kerja metode fuzzy ada empat, yang pertama pembentukan himpunan fuzzy, yang kedua aplikasi fungsi implikasi yang ketiga komposisi aturan dan yang keempat adalah defuzzifikasi.Fokus penelitian ini berupa 1.Menentukan Tingkat kriminalitas 2.Penyebab  kriminalitas 3.Menggunakan metode sugeno dan aplikasi matlab untuk menyelesaikan hasil penelitian. Penelitian ini menghasilkan system mendukung keputusan berupa hasil akhir sebesar 0.72 berada pada posisi Output dengan nilai keputusan tingkat kriminalitas tinggi di Kota Batam.                                                               AbstractCrime is an act that deviates and harms many people. In 2017 the economy of Batam City declined so that many companies closed and caused the unemployment rate to increase. Crimes are rife at this time, such as hijacking, pickpocketing, fraud, and mugging without mercy, even causing death. Examples of crimes that often occur in the form of kidnapping and mugging in the Tamiang area, many victims have fallen, the perpetrators do not hesitate to hurt or even kill the lives of their victims. The main factors were causing crime such as the level of social inequality, education, relationships, Job Vacancy Unemployment and education so that many things that make a high crime rate in the city of Batam. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of crime in the city of Batam, as well as learning for residents of Batam, is avoid way. The method used uses the max-mix system or Sugeno logic, there are four steps in the fuzzy process, the first is the formation of the fuzzy set, the second is the application of the implication function, the third is the composition of the rules, and the fourth is defuzzification. The scope of this research is 1.  They are using the level of crime 2. Cause of crime 3. They are using the Sugeno method and the application of Matlab to complete the research results. This research results offence ina system was supporting the decision in the form of the final They are determining of 0.72 is in the Output position with a high crime rate decision value in Batam City.  

Living in A Non–Communist versus in A Post–Communist European Country Moderates the Relation between Conservative Values and Political Orientation: A Multilevel Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Barni ◽  
Alessio Vieno ◽  
Michele Roccato
Keyword(s):  
European Social Survey ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Communist Country ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Communist Past ◽  
Conservative Values ◽  
Moderating Role

We performed a multilevel, multinational analysis using the 2012 European Social Survey dataset (N = 41 080, nested in 20 countries) to study how living in a non–communist versus in a post–communist country moderates the link between individual conservative values (drawn on Schwartz's theory of basic human values) and political orientation (assessed as self–placement on the left–right axis and attitude towards economic redistribution). The results supported the moderating role of living in a non–communist versus in a post–communist country in the case both of political self–placement and of attitude towards economic redistribution, even controlling for the countries’ degree of individualism, power distance and democracy. Specifically, conservative values were positively related to a rightist political self–placement among participants living in countries without a communist past, and to a favourable attitude towards economic redistribution in countries with a communist past. The limitations, implications and future directions of this study are discussed. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology

Crime and Architectural Style

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY S. BYNUM ◽  
DAN M. PURRI
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Reported Crime ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Official Crime

Historically, social scientists have argued that human behavior is, to a large degree, a response to environmental conditions. Recently, a group of criminologists have posited a direct relationship between certain environmental structures and reported crime rates. Studies exploring this area have pointed to the association between crme rates and highrise residences as support for their position. However, several serious weaknesses exist in this previous research. High-rise structures are generally either in high crime areas or are luxury apartments with guarded entrances. In addition, such research is generally based on official crime data. The present study investigates, through victimization techniques, the experiences of residents of several high- and low-rise structures in a traditionally low crime area: the college campus. In addition, measures of the respondent's sense of community were employed to address the self-policing hypothesis of the environmental design approach. Although causality cannot be inferred from the findings, a positive association was observed between high-rise areas and property crime rates. Furthermore, both of these variables were negatively associated with the respondents' sense of community.

scholarly journals Person-Situation Transactions across the Lifespan

2017 ◽  
pp. 405-425
Author(s):  
Katherine S. Corker ◽  
M. Brent Donnellan
Keyword(s):  
Personality Development ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Developmental Tasks ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Socioemotional Selectivity ◽  
Situational Characteristics ◽  
Explicit Consideration ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Interactionist Approach

Research on situations has been reinvigorated within social and personality psychology. This chapter argues that a developmental perspective on situations can further enrich understanding of person-situation transactions and generate interesting predictions for future empirical tests. The approach is grounded in life course theory (Elder & Shanahan, 2006), an interactionist approach that considers person-situation dynamics as critical to understanding individual lives. The chapter describes an overarching perspective and reviews principles of personality development before turning to an explicit consideration of how situational characteristics (the Situational Eight DIAMONDS; Rauthmann et al., 2014) may change with age. It then outlines how a developmental tasks perspective and socioemotional selectivity theory can be integrated with the DIAMONDS characteristics. It concludes by describing different kinds of person-situation transactions that promote consistency and change in psychological characteristics across the lifespan and suggests a few future directions for research.

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