Right–Wing Authoritarianism: Protective Factor against Or Risk Factor for Depression?

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 536-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Duriez ◽  
Theo A. Klimstra ◽  
Koen Luyckx ◽  
Wim Beyers ◽  
Bart Soenens
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Student Sample

Because the authoritarian personality was introduced to explain the rise of fascism during World War II, research focused on its ability to predict prejudice, leaving its associations with well–being largely unexplored. Studies that did examine these associations yielded inconsistent results, and some authors even argued that authoritarianism buffers against the negative effects of psychological vulnerability factors (i.e. D–type personality) and negative life events on well–being, especially among people in an authoritarian environment. Using a cross–sectional community sample (N = 1010), Study 1 failed to support the idea that authoritarianism relates to depressive symptoms and buffers against the negative effects of D–type personality on depressive symptoms. Using a longitudinal college student sample (N = 499), Study 2 showed that authoritarianism did not moderate the effects of life events either and even predicted over–time increases in depressive symptoms. Using a longitudinal high school sample (N = 590), Study 3 showed that this effect emerged regardless of degree of fit with the social environment (i.e. with family and friends). Taken together, results suggest that authoritarianism constitutes a risk factor for rather than a protective factor against depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals The relationship between living alone and depressive symptoms among older gay men: the moderating role of sense of belonging with gay friends

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1895-1901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Gay Community ◽  
Older Gay Men ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTBackground:Living alone is a risk factor for depressive symptoms among older adults, although it is unclear if it is a risk factor for older gay men. A sense of belonging to the gay community is protective and might compensate for living alone. This research investigated whether a sense of belonging with gay friends weakened the relationship between living alone and depressive symptoms among older gay men.Methods:A community sample of 160 Australian gay men aged 65–92 years completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and two visual analogue scales assessing a sense of belonging with gay friends.Results:Results supported the moderation model, with increasing levels of belonging with gay friends weakening the relationship between living alone and depressive symptoms.Conclusion:Results imply that enhancing a sense of belonging with gay friends among older gay men who live alone is likely to be a protective factor in relation to depressive symptoms.

Pain self-efficacy moderates the association between pain and somatization in a community sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petri Karkkola ◽  
Sanna Sinikallio ◽  
Niko Flink ◽  
Kirsi Honkalampi ◽  
Matti Kuittinen
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pain Chronification ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background and aims Pain is a common condition. However, only a minority of people experiencing pain develop a chronic pain problem. Factors such as somatization, pain self-efficacy and lack of psychological well-being affect the risk of pain chronicity and pain-related disability. However, research on protective pain-related psychological factors in populations without chronic pain is scarce. We aim to examine if pain self-efficacy attenuates the associations between pain and both anxiety and somatization in a community sample. Methods In a cross-sectional study, 211 participants from a community sample responded to measures of average pain over the last 3 months, anxiety, somatization, and pain self-efficacy. The possibility of moderation effects were tested with a series of regression analyses. Results The association between pain and anxiety was not moderated by pain self-efficacy. In contrast, pain self-efficacy moderated the relation of pain and somatization. The interaction explained 3% of the variance in somatization, in addition to the independent effects of pain and self-efficacy (F(1,207)=5.65, p<0.025). Among those in the bottom quartile of pain self-efficacy, the association between pain and somatization was moderate or strong (r=0.62, p<0.01), whereas for those in the top quartile the association was modest (r=0.11, p>0.05). Conclusions The results are partly consistent with the hypothesis that pain self-efficacy attenuates the associations between pain and pain chronification risk factors in a relatively healthy community sample. Should further preferably longitudinal studies replicate the findings, the role pain self-efficacy as a protective factor needs to be explicated in theoretical models of pain chronification. Implications The findings are consistent with the notion that clinicians should promote patient’s pain self-efficacy in acute and sub-acute pain conditions especially when the individual is prone to somatization. However, more prominent clinical implications require studies with longitudinal designs.

scholarly journals Individual differences and changes in lifestyle behaviours predict decreased subjective well-being during COVID-19 restrictions in an Australian sample

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Brindal ◽  
Jillian C Ryan ◽  
Naomi Kakoschke ◽  
Sinead Golley ◽  
Ian T Zajac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Australian Sample

Abstract Background Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, social distancing practices were introduced to curb infection rates in many countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of these restrictions on behaviours and well-being and whether individual differences predict changes in well-being. Methods Australian adults participated in a cross-sectional, online survey during May 2020. The survey captured demographic information; health behaviours; personality traits; life satisfaction and COVID-19-related attitudes, financial concerns, perceived risks and impacts. Results In total, 3745 (86.8% of 4313) participants completed all items. Participants were mostly female (85.7%) and 56.4 years (standard deviation [SD] = 12.6) on average. Over 95.0% of the sample indicated they had been social distancing or isolating. Health behaviours and well-being had generally worsened, with social connections being the most negatively affected. Life satisfaction was significantly lower since restrictions. For changes in life satisfaction, extroversion was a risk factor and openness to experience was a protective factor. Conclusions Overall, well-being was negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and associated social distancing particularly in this sample containing mainly older women. In future, it will be crucial to understand why and who may be differentially affected, to encourage behaviours that are protective of well-being.

scholarly journals Views on Aging and Well-Being in the Covid Crisis – A Longitudinal Study in Luxembourg

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 961-961
Author(s):  
Anna Kornadt ◽  
Martine Hoffmann ◽  
Elke Murdock ◽  
Josepha Nell ◽  
Isabelle Albert
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Subjective Age ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Loss ◽  
Physical Decline

Abstract During the Covid-Crisis, stereotypes of older adults as helpless and vulnerable were spread, and intergenerational conflict was stirred more or less openly. We thus focused on perceived ageism during the crisis and its effects on well-being and health of older adults. Since views on aging are multifaceted and can be both, risk and resource for individual development, we assessed people’s self-perceptions of aging (SPA) as social loss, continued growth and physical decline and subjective age (SA). We hypothesized that people with SPA of social loss and physical decline would be more susceptible to negative effects of perceived ageism, whereas those with SPA of continued growth and younger SA would be less affected. NT1 = 611 community-dwelling adults aged 60 – 98 (Mage = 69.92 years) were recruited in June 2020 online and via phone in Luxembourg. In September 2020, participants will be contacted again for a follow-up. Analyses with cross-sectional data show that participants who felt more discriminated reported lower life satisfaction after the onset of the crisis (r = -.35) and worse subjective health (r = -.14). SPA of social loss and higher SA increased the negative effect of ageism on well-being (beta = -.57) and subjective health (beta = -.53), respectively. Our results point to mid- and long-term consequences of age discriminatory and stereotype-based crisis communication for the well-being of older adults and the importance of individual SPA in critical situations.

scholarly journals Mediators and Moderators of the Association Between Perceived Stress and Episodic Memory in Diverse Older Adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Afsara B. Zaheed ◽  
Neika Sharifian ◽  
A. Zarina Kraal ◽  
Ketlyne Sol ◽  
Jennifer J. Manly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stress Memory

Abstract Objective: Stress is a risk factor for numerous negative health outcomes, including cognitive impairment in late-life. The negative association between stress and cognition may be mediated by depressive symptoms, which separate studies have identified as both a consequence of perceived stress and a risk factor for cognitive decline. Pathways linking perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and cognition may be moderated by sociodemographics and psychosocial resources. The goal of this cross-sectional study was to identify modifying factors and enhance understanding of the mechanisms underlying the stress–cognition association in a racially and ethnically diverse sample of older adults. Method: A linear regression estimated the association between perceived stress and episodic memory in 578 older adults (Mage = 74.58) in the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project. Subsequent models tested whether depressive symptoms mediated the stress–memory relationship and whether sociodemographics (gender, race, and ethnicity) or perceived control moderated these pathways. Results: Independent of sociodemographics and chronic diseases, greater perceived stress was associated with worse episodic memory. This relationship was mediated by more depressive symptoms. Higher perceived control buffered the association between stress and depressive symptoms. There was no significant moderation by gender, race, or ethnicity. Conclusion: Depressive symptoms may play a role in the negative association between perceived stress and cognition among older adults; however, longitudinal analyses and studies using experimental designs are needed. Perceived control is a modifiable psychological resource that may offset the negative impact of stress.

scholarly journals Depressive Symptoms and Associated Factors in Female Students in Fukushima Four Years after the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Disaster

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Ito ◽  
Mie Sasaki ◽  
Satoko Okabe ◽  
Nobuhiro Konno ◽  
Aya Goto
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Female Students ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nuclear Radiation ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

Young women in their late teens and early 20s are at the highest risk for depression onset. The present study aimed to assess depressive symptoms among female college students in Fukushima. More specifically, it aimed to clarify factors predicting possible symptom profiles, with an emphasis on determining how nuclear radiation risks affect the reporting of depression symptoms. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 310 female students at a college in the Fukushima prefecture, Japan, in December 2015, and 288 participants submitted valid questionnaires. In total, 222 (77.1%) participants lived in Fukushima at the time of the Great East Japan Earthquake. The measures included the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index, the Fukushima Future Parents Attitude Measure, and risk perception of radiation health effects. A total of 46.5% of participants reported depressive symptoms. Path analysis revealed that higher radiation risk perceptions and reduced efficacy with reproduction related to a decline in self-esteem and self-efficacy, which was subsequently associated with increased depressive symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of radiation education among children and young adults, both after a nuclear accident and during disaster preparation, particularly in the context of reproductive and mental health.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of injuries among Italian footballers: the role of the playing field

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 501-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Paolo Bianchi ◽  
Valter Veneziani ◽  
Michele Alberto Cantalice ◽  
Angela Notarnicola ◽  
Silvio Tafuri
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Natural Grass

BackgroundFootball has a higher injury rate compared with other team sports such as rugby, in terms of two main categories: intrinsic (individual) and extrinsic (environmental) factors. The playing field is an extrinsic risk factor which has been poorly investigated in the literature.PurposeThe aim of our study was to define the incidence and risk factors of injuries in a cohort of footballers comparing the role of three different types of playing field (hard court, natural grass or synthetic grass).Study designThis was a cross sectional prevalence study.MethodsThe population comprised footballers recruited by a convenience sample; the instrument used for the survey was an anonymous self-administered questionnaire.Results267 football players were enrolled (average age 23.4±4.8 years), of whom 33.7% (n=90/267) played on hard court, 33.0% (n=88/267) on natural grass and 33.3% (n=89/267) on synthetic grass. The overall incidence of injury was 40.1 (95% CI 34.1 to 46.8) ×1000 person-years of training, with higher values for ankle and knee injuries. Ankle injuries (aOR 0.4; P=0.021) were associated with playing on natural grass as a protective factor, while playing on natural grass seemed to be a risk factor for muscular injuries (aOR 2.3; P=0.026).ConclusionOur study showed a high lifetime prevalence of injury among footballers (57%), in particular among athletes who play and train on a hard court. We have studied a topic poorly investigated previously and provide the opportunity to understand interventions to increase the capacity of stakeholders in preventing injuries.

scholarly journals Family functioning of elderly with depressive symptoms

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosely Almeida Souza ◽  
Gislaine Desani da Costa ◽  
Cintia Hitomi Yamashita ◽  
Fernanda Amendola ◽  
Jaqueline Correa Gaspar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Family Functioning ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dysfunctional Family ◽  
The Family

Objective: To classify families of elderly with depressive symptoms regarding their functioning and to ascertain the presence of an association between these symptoms, family functioning and the characteristics of the elderly. Method: This was an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study performed with 33 teams of the Family Health Strategy in Dourados, MS. The sample consisted of 374 elderly divided into two groups (with and without depressive symptoms). The instruments for data collection were a sociodemographic instrument, the GeriatricDepression Scale (15 items) and the Family Apgar. Results: An association was observed between depressive symptoms and family dysfunction, female gender, four or more people living together, and physical inactivity. Conclusion: The functional family may represent effective support for the elderly with depressive symptoms, because it offers a comfortable environment that ensures the well-being of its members. The dysfunctional family can barely provide necessary care for the elderly, which can exacerbate depressive symptoms.


scholarly journals Perceptions of Study Conditions and Depressive Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among University Students in Germany: Results of the International COVID-19 Student Well-Being Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Mayara Matos Fialho ◽  
Franca Spatafora ◽  
Lisa Kühne ◽  
Heide Busse ◽  
Stefanie M. Helmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
University Students ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
German Student ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mental Well Being

Background: Results of previous studies examining the impact of the SARS-CoV-1 epidemic in 2003 on university students' mental well-being indicated severe mental health consequences. It is unclear how the current COVID-19 pandemic and the changes in study conditions due to federal regulations affected mental well-being in the German student population. We examined university students' perceptions of study conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic and investigated associations between study conditions and depressive symptoms.Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Germany in May 2020 at four universities (N = 5,021, 69% female, mean age: 24 years, SD: 5.1). Perceived study conditions, as well as sociodemographic information, were assessed with self-generated items and the CES-D 8 scale was used to determine depressive symptoms. Associations between perceived study conditions (academic stress and academic satisfaction), in general, and confidence to complete the semester, in particular, and depressive symptoms were analyzed using generalized linear regressions.Results: Fifty-four percent of survey participants felt that the university workload had significantly increased since the COVID-19 pandemic; 48% were worried that they would not be able to successfully complete the academic year; 47% agreed that the change in teaching methods caused significant stress. Regarding depressive symptoms, the mean score of the CES-D 8 scale was 9.25. Further, a positive association between perceived study conditions and depressive symptoms was found (p &lt; 0.001), indicating that better study conditions were associated with fewer depressive symptoms. Results of the generalized linear regression suggest that better student mental well-being was related to higher confidence in completing the semester.Conclusions: This study provides first insights into perceived study conditions and associations with depressive symptoms among students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Findings underline the need for universities to provide intervention strategies targeting students' mental well-being during the course of the pandemic.

scholarly journals Risk Factors For The Event Of Pediculosis Capitis In The Baturaja Orphanage, South Sumatera, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 871-878
Author(s):  
M. Farhan Fadhillah ◽  
Chairil Anwar ◽  
Iche Andriyani Liberty
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Pediculosis Capitis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pediculus Humanus ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
And Behavior

Introduction. Pediculosis capitis is a disease of the scalp caused by infestation of Pediculus humanus capitis with symptoms such as itching and sensation of movement in the hair. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors and incidence of pediculosis capitis in the Baturaja orphanage.Methods. This research is an analytic observational study using a cross-sectional design with field and laboratory research. The population of this study were all children in the Baturaja orphanage who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, as many as 172 children. All children present were taken as subjects. Data obtained by questionnaires, interviews and direct observation of the sample.Results. The results of this study showed the prevalence of pediculosis capitis in the Baturaja orphanage was 19.1%. In this study, it was found that there was a significant relationship between age (p = 0.000), education (p = 0.000), the use of shared pillows (p = 0.000), the use of shared combs (p = 0.000), the use of shared towels (p = 0.000), knowledge (p = 0.000), attitudes and behavior (p = 0.000) with the incidence of pediculosis capitis. Multivariate analysis showed that the most dominant risk factor for the incidence of pediculosis capitis in the Baturaja orphanage was age (p=0.036), while behavior was a protective factor for the incidence of pediculosis capitis.Conclusion. There is a significant relationship between age, education, use of shared pillows, use of shared combs, use of shared towels, knowledge, attitudes, behavior with the incidence of pediculosis capitis. The most dominant risk factor for the incidence of pediculosis capitis in the Baturaja orphanage is age, while behavior is a protective factor for the incidence of pediculosis capitis.

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