scholarly journals Methods of Measurement

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Rosita Fibbi ◽  
Arnfinn H. Midtbøen ◽  
Patrick Simon
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Methods Of Measurement ◽  
Qualitative Analyses

AbstractThis chapter reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the most commonly used methods of measurement in the field of discrimination research. Taking as its point of departure how we can assess the extent to which discrimination occurs, the chapter reviews quantitative and qualitative analyses of experiences, attitudes, legal complaints, and residual gaps, as well as different forms of experimental designs. A key point in the chapter is to show that although all of these methods shed light on discrimination, they are useful for answering somewhat different questions. Consequently, careful consideration of the range of methods available is necessary for matching one’s research question with the appropriate research design.

scholarly journals Research Design – Composition, Configuration and Interdependencies

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Peter Kastberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Integrative View ◽  
The Social ◽  
Abstract Level ◽  
Science Methodology ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Knowledge Communication

In this essay I will present an integrative view on research design. I will introduce what Itake to be the skeleton components of any research design within the social sciences, i.e.the elements of research question, philosophy of science, methodology, method and data.With this as my point of departure I will go on to focus on a presentation, a discussionand an evaluation of a new appreciation of the interdependencies of the elements in theresearch design. An appreciation that favors a relational rather than an atomistic outlookand which gives rise to an ecological conceptualization of research design. A research design,in other words, which promotes plasticity and fluidity over adherence to static protocol.And which, at the same time, does not relinquish control over project-relevant, multifaceteddecision-making processes – and their respective interdependencies – but which deliberateseach and every one of them. The aim of the paper is twofold. At a more abstract level, itaims at paving the way for establishing a reflexive approach to research design which, in turn,would be in tune with the tenets of the field of Organizational Knowledge Communication(e.g. Kastberg, 2014). At a more concrete level, it aims at presenting an idea of researchdesign which would – hopefully – be an inspiration to (young) scholars.

Changes in H-reflex amplitude to muscle stretch and lengthening in humans

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Budini ◽  
Markus Tilp
Keyword(s):  
Human Movement ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
H Reflex ◽  
Spinal Reflex ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Plantar Flexors ◽  
Reflex Excitability ◽  
Apparent Disagreement ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractSpinal reflex excitability is traditionally assessed to investigate neural adjustments that occur during human movement. Different experimental procedures are known to condition spinal reflex excitability. Among these, lengthening movements and static stretching the human triceps have been investigated over the last 50 years. The purpose of this review is to shed light on several apparent incongruities in terms of magnitude and duration of the reported results. In the present review dissimilarities in neuro-spinal changes are examined in relation to the methodologies applied to condition and measure them. Literature that investigated three different conditioning procedures was reviewed: passive dorsiflexion, active dorsiflexion through antagonists shortening and eccentric plantar-flexors contractions. Measurements were obtained before, during and after lengthening or stretching. Stimulation intensities and time delays between conditioning procedures and stimuli varied considerably. H-reflex decreases immediately as static stretching is applied and in proportion to the stretch degree. During dorsiflexions the inhibition is stronger with greater dorsiflexion angular velocity and at lower nerve stimulation intensities, while it is weaker if any concomitant muscle contraction is performed. Within 2 s after a single passive dorsiflexion movement, H-reflex is strongly inhibited, and this effect disappears within 15 s. Dorsiflexions repeated over 1 h and prolonged static stretching training induce long-lasting inhibition. This review highlights that the apparent disagreement between studies is ascribable to small methodological differences. Lengthening movements and stretching can strongly influence spinal neural pathways. Results interpretation, however, needs careful consideration of the methodology applied.

scholarly journals Can they stomach it? Parent and practitioner acceptability of a trial comparing gastric residual volume measurement versus no gastric residual volume in UK NNU and PICUs: a feasibility study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Deja ◽  
Louise Roper ◽  
Lyvonne N. Tume ◽  
Jon Dorling ◽  
Chris Gale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Tube Feeding ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Paediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Residual Volume ◽  
Gastric Residual Volume ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Routine measurement of gastric residual volume (GRV) to guide feeding in neonatal and paediatric intensive care is widespread. However, this practice is not evidence based and may cause harm. As part of a feasibility study, we explored parent and practitioner views on the acceptability of a trial comparing GRV measurement or no GRV measurement. Methods A mixed-methods study involving interviews and focus groups with practitioners and interviews with parents with experience of tube feeding in neonatal and/or paediatric intensive care. A voting system recorded closed question responses during practitioner data collection, enabling the collection of quantitative and qualitative data. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. Results We interviewed 31 parents and nine practitioners and ran five practitioner focus groups (n=42). Participants described how the research question was logical, and the intervention would not be invasive and potential benefits of not withholding the child’s feeds. However, both groups held concerns about the potential risk of not measuring GRV, including delayed diagnosis of infection and gut problems, increased risk of vomiting into lungs and causing discomfort or pain. Parent’s views on GRV measurement and consent decision making were influenced by their views on the importance of feeding in the ICU, their child’s prognosis and associated comorbidities or complications. Conclusions The majority of parents and practitioners viewed the proposed trial as acceptable. Potential concerns and preferences were identified that will need careful consideration to inform the development of the proposed trial protocol and staff training.

Two Types of Interpersonal Listening

2010 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 2743-2762
Author(s):  
Leonard J. Waks
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Education Society ◽  
Background Context ◽  
Objective Research

Background/Context Although the concept of listening had been neglected by philosophers of education, it has received focused attention since 2003, when Sophie Haroutunian-Gordon addressed it in her presidential address to the Philosophy of Education Society. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Haroutunian-Gordon offered a cognitive theory of listening, according to which an act of listening involves raising questions about both the speaker's utterance and the listener's own beliefs. Research Design This article draws on the methods of philosophical analysis to provide a competing account of listening. This account distinguishes between two types of listening, a cognitive (thinking) type and a noncognitive (empathic feeling) type. Findings/Results By considering a number of familiar classroom incidents, I show that both kinds of listening have important roles in teaching and learning. Conclusions/Recommendations I conclude by questioning whether the empathic type of listening can directly be taught. I conclude that it cannot be, but that teachers can provide three kinds of “helps” indirectly to foster its growth in learners.

scholarly journals Speculations on Quasi-Experimental Design in HIV/AIDS Prevention Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Donald T. Campbell ◽  
Beatrice J. Krauss
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Prevention Research ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Aids Research ◽  
Speculative Discussion ◽  
Hiv Aids

This paper provides a speculative discussion on what quasi-experimental designs might be useful in various aspects of HIV/AIDS research. The first author’s expertise is in research design, not HIV, while the second author has been active in HIV prevention research. It is hoped that it may help the HIV/AIDS research community in discovering and inventing an expanded range of possibilities for valid causal inference. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v3i1_campbell

scholarly journals ’n Teoretiese besinning oor die implikasies van die filosofie van tegnologie vir kriteria vir vakkurrikulumontwikkeling en -evaluering

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Piet Ankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Curriculum Development ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Policy Statement ◽  
Object Knowledge ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Technology Classroom ◽  
Philosophical Framework ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Theoretical Reflection

Technology education is globally still relatively new, and it lacks a substantive research base, a well-established classroom pedagogy and a scientifically founded, subject-based philosophical framework that may serve as a directive for related aspects. Technology is also a developing school subject with no equivalent academic discipline upon which curriculum development and classroom pedagogy may rely. The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) for Technology in the Senior Phase was officially implemented in 2014. However, responses to the intended or specified curriculum, either positive or negative, are often elicited from various stakeholders and interest groups. In the absence of philosophical-founded criteria for the development and evaluation of an intended technology curriculum, it is often unclear whether such responses are justified. Subsequently it is impossible to make fair judgments about such subject curricula. Based on Mitcham’s framework, the literature reports on a philosophical framework that is directive for technology classroom pedagogy, technology teacher education and Science, Technology and Society Studies (STS). The purpose of the article is to investigate how a scientifically founded, philosophical framework of technology can be directive for the development and evaluation of the intended technology curricula. The following research question served as point of departure for the theoretical reflection: Based on the four modes of the manifestation of technology – namely as object, knowledge, activity, and volition – which scientifically founded criteria can be deduced to be applied as part of the development and evaluation of intended technology curricula? In answering the research question it is important to point out that curriculum developers and evaluators should ensure that they take note of the philosophical framework for technology which guides subject-curriculum development and evaluation. A fourfold set of applicable criteria, based on the four manifestations of technology, have been deduced accordingly.

scholarly journals Methodology in the Mirror: a Living, Systematic Review of Works in Quantitative Ethnography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szilvia Zörgő ◽  
Gjalt - Jorn Ygram Peters ◽  
Clare Porter ◽  
Marcia Moraes ◽  
Savannah Donegan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Segmentation Analysis ◽  
Shed Light

Quantitative Ethnography is a nascent field now formulating the specifics of its conceptual framework and terminology for a unified, quantitative – qualitative methodology. Our living, systematic review aims to shed light on decisions in research design that the community has made thus far in the domain of data collection, coding & segmentation, analysis, and how Quantitative Ethnography as a methodology is conceptualized. Our analysis intends to spur discussions on these issues within the community and help establish a lingua franca.

scholarly journals JAX, THE ARCHITECTURE: Designing a Chatboat Architecture to Reduce Ajax Fancare’s Logistical Problem and Enhance Fan Experience

Nirmana ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-65
Author(s):  
Steven Limandjaja
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Customer Service ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Digital Society ◽  
Live Chat ◽  
Logistical Problem

This paper is the documentation of a graduation internship at Digital Society School (DSS) in which they teamed up with Ajax Fancare to solve their logistical problem and enhance the fan experience. Ajax Fancare is facing a logistical problem in manually answering every fan’s question via calls, emails, social media, or live chat. They believe that chatbot is the solution to this problem. The goal of this project is to research, design, and prototype a chatbot that could tackle the logistical problem and enhance the fan experience. The deliverable is a chatbot prototype and architecture in which Ajax Fancare could build upon for their future customer service chatbot. The main question of the research is answered by the chatbot architecture: Jax the Architecture, a conversational tree of all the possible interactions between a user and the chatbot. The final chatbot architecture answers the research question by mapping together the main elements of the chatbot such as the information fans needed from Ajax Fancare and additional features that create a new and inclusive experience. The prototypes and final chatbot architecture are ready to be tested for further research and serve as a cornerstone for future development of the Ajax Fancare chatbot.

An Inconvenient Truth: Arbitrary Distinctions Between Organizational, Mechanical Turk, and Other Convenience Samples

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard N. Landers ◽  
Tara S. Behrend
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Omitted Variables ◽  
Range Restriction ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Journal Editors ◽  
An Inconvenient Truth ◽  
Methods Textbooks

Sampling strategy has critical implications for the validity of a researcher's conclusions. Despite this, sampling is frequently neglected in research methods textbooks, during the research design process, and in the reporting of our journals. The lack of guidance on this issue often leads reviewers and journal editors to rely on simple rules of thumb, myth, and tradition for judgments about sampling, which promotes the unnecessary and counterproductive characterization of sampling strategies as universally “good” or “bad.” Such oversimplification, especially by journal editors and reviewers, slows the progress of the social sciences by considering legitimate data sources to be categorically unacceptable. Instead, we argue that sampling is better understood in methodological terms of range restriction and omitted variables bias. This considered approach has far-reaching implications because in industrial–organizational (I-O) psychology, as in most social sciences, virtually all of the samples are convenience samples. Organizational samples are not gold standard research sources; instead, they are merely a specific type of convenience sample with their own positive and negative implications for validity. This fact does not condemn the science of I-O psychology but does highlight the need for more careful consideration of how and when a finding may generalize based on the particular mix of validity-related affordances provided by each sample source that might be used to investigate a particular research question. We call for researchers to explore such considerations cautiously and explicitly both in the publication and in the review of research.

Construct the Logic Model and Research Design (Step 3)

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Edmund M. Ricci ◽  
Ernesto A. Pretto ◽  
Knut Ole Sundnes
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Mixed Methods Research ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Logic Model ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Evaluation Team ◽  
Mixed Method Design

A ‘mixed-methods’ research design, based upon the categories contained in a disaster response logic model, is suggested as the best approach to capture the complexities of the medical and public health disaster response experience. A mixed-methods design allows the evaluation team to collect and combine data from direct observation, medical records, interviews with victims, health professionals, family and friends of victims, public safety officials, other government and non-governmental officials and from public documents. Validation in a mixed-method design is based upon the concept of triangulation. The term triangulation is used in behavioral research to describe the process of obtaining data from three or more different sources and then comparing the findings to assess consistency across sources. In this design, both qualitative and quantitative data are collected and then merged during the analysis phase. Each data set is used to validate and enhance the other in order to improve the validity of the conclusions reached and the recommendations that follow. However, not all data need be combined. The mixed-method design allows for the analysis of certain types of data separately and then applied to the appropriate research question because there may be no appropriate comparative data.

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