WU, the Prestigious Path, and Initial Difference

The actor/observer effect was examined by Storms in a 1973 study which manipulated perceptual orientation using video recordings. Storms' study was complex and some of his results equivocal. The present study attempted to recreate the perceptual reorientation effect using a simplified experimental design and an initial difference between actors and observers which was the reverse of the original effect. Female undergraduates performed a motor co-ordination task as actors while watched by observers. Each person made attributions for the actor's behaviour before and after watching a video recording of the performance. For a control group the video recording was of an unrelated variety show excerpt. Actors' initial attributions were less situational than observers'. Both actors and observers became more situational after the video replay but this effect occurred in both experimental and control groups. It was suggested the passage of time between first and second recording of attributions could account for the findings and care should be taken when interpreting Storms' (1973) study and others which did not adequately control for temporal effects.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Salinity Changes on the Water Content and Respiration of Marine Invertebrates

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.8.3.211 ◽

1931 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 211-227

Author(s):

L. C. BEADLE

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Rate ◽

Marine Invertebrates ◽

Sea Water ◽

Oxygen Intake ◽

Anaerobic Conditions ◽

Marine Animals ◽

Surrounding Water ◽

Low Salinity ◽

Initial Difference ◽

Good Support

1. Schlieper's theory of the function of increased oxygen intake by "homoiosmotic" marine invertebrates in dilute sea water in maintaining their body fluids hypertonic to the surrounding water is discussed, and objections are brought forward to the methods used in the experiments on which his conclusions were based. 2. By periodic weighings, and measurements of respiratory rate (under narcotic) by Barcroft manometers, it was found that the weight of N. diversicolor, on transference to water of low salinity, at first increases and then falls, and that the respiratory rate is at first increased and later tends to decrease. 3. With N. cultrifera the weight increases to a higher value and does not sub sequently fall, and the respiratory rate is also increased but to a lesser extent than with N. diversicolor. 4. These differences in the amount of increase in respiratory rate are more marked in water containing only 16.6 per cent, sea water than in water containing 25 per cent, sea water. 5. N. diversicolor maintains its activity while N. cultifera becomes practically inert in dilute water. The latter does not actually die in 25 per cent, sea water after 100 hours, but dies in 16.6 per cent, sea water after about 50 hours. 6. Exposure to M/1000 KCN or to anaerobic conditions in dilute water tends to break down the mechanism by which the free osmotic inflow of water in N. diversicolor is prevented, and the weight curves under these conditions approach the N. cultrifera form. 7. The respiratory rate of G. ulvae increases progressively with dilution of the sea water, and is roughly proportional to the initial difference of osmotic pressure inside and outside the animal. 8. The swelling of Gunda in dilute water is due to swelling of the gut cells, which become much vacuolated. The other tissues appear unaltered. 9. M/1000 KCN or anaerobic conditions cause a greater amount of swelling in Gunda in a given salinity than normally occurs. 10. These experiments seem to give reasonably good support to Schlieper's hypothesis. 11. The mechanism responsible for this "osmotic resistance" in N. diversicolor must be of a somewhat different nature from that in G. ulvae. 12. A rigid distinction between "homoiosmotic" and "poikilosmotic" marine animals cannot be supported.

Download Full-text

Leakage from Electrified Metal Plates and Points placed above and below Uninsulated Flames

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ◽

10.1017/s0370164600050951 ◽

1899 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 38-46

Author(s):

Lord Kelvin ◽

Magnus Maclean

Keyword(s):

Electrical Properties ◽

Copper Plate ◽

The Other ◽

Short Paper ◽

Internal Diameter ◽

Bunsen Burner ◽

Metal Plates ◽

Burning Charcoal ◽

Initial Difference ◽

To Receive

§ 1. In § 10 of our paper “On Electrical Properties of Fumes proceeding from Flames and Burning Charcoal,” communicated to this Society on 5th April, results of observations on the leakage between two parallel metal plates with an initial difference of electric potential of 6·2 volts between them, when the fumes from flames and burnings were allowed to pass between them and round them, were given. The first part (§§ 1–4) of the present short paper gives results of observations on the leakage between two copper plates 1 centimetre apart, when one of them is kept at a constant high positive or negative potential; and the other, after being metallically connected with the electrometer-sheath, is disconnected, and left to receive electricity through fumes between the two.The method of observation (see fig. 1) was as follows:—Two copper plates were fixed in a block of paraffin at the top of a round tinned iron funnel 96 centimetres long and 15·6 centimetres internal diameter. A spirit-lamp or a Bunsen burner, the only two flames used in these experiments, was placed at the bottom of the funnel, 86 centimetres below the two copper plates. One terminal of a voltaic battery was connected to one plate, B, and the other terminal was connected to the sheath of a Kelvin quadrant electrometer. The other copper plate was connected to one of the pair of quadrants of the electrometer in such a way that by pulling a silk cord with a hinged platinum wire at its end, this copper plate and this pair of quadrants could be insulated from the sheath of the electrometer and the rest of the apparatus.

Download Full-text

Neurotoxicity and ototoxicity of cisplatin plus paclitaxel in comparison to cisplatin plus cyclophosphamide in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.1997.15.1.199 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 199-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

G Cavaletti ◽

G Bogliun ◽

V Crespi ◽

L Marzorati ◽

A Zincone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Epithelial Ovarian Cancer ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Toxic Effects ◽

Sensory Impairment ◽

End Of Treatment ◽

Sensory Modalities ◽

Initial Difference ◽

Chemotherapy Patients ◽

To Receive

PURPOSE To compare the neurotoxicity and ototoxicity of combination cisplatin plus paclitaxel versus cisplatin plus cyclophosphamide using extensive clinical and instrumental evaluation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-six of 51 consecutive patients affected by-epithelial ovarian cancer seen in our institution between October 1994 and August 1995 entered the study. After randomization, they were assigned to receive cisplatin 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks associated with cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2 (CC group, n = 22) or paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 over a 3-hour infusion (CP group, n = 24). Treatment was repeated six times in 43 patients and nine times in 25. Before treatment and after three, six, and nine courses of chemotherapy, patients underwent clinical and instrumental neurologic and otologic examinations. RESULTS Mild sensory impairment was evident even after only three courses of both treatments and signs and symptoms were more severe at the end of treatment. On clinical grounds only, it was possible to demonstrate after six and nine courses a difference between CC and CP treatment, due to the involvement in some CP patients of pain and thermal sensory modalities. However, the overall severity of the neuropathy was similar. Audiometric parameters demonstrated a more negative outcome after treatment in CC compared with CP patients. However, the different severity of the involvement was closely correlated to this initial difference in audiologic performance. CONCLUSION Up to nine courses of chemotherapy, the CC and CP schedules are similar in terms of severity of neurotoxicity and ototoxicity when patients are evaluated during and immediately after treatment. With the doses used in our study, these toxicities are not dose-limiting. Our results suggest that most of the toxic effects observed during the treatment were due to cisplatin.

Download Full-text

Effect of biosolids compost on two NSW coastal soils used to grow vegetables

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr00107 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 40 (5) ◽

pp. 761 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. A. Sarooshi ◽

G. C. Cresswell ◽

L. Tesoriero ◽

P. J. Milham ◽

I. Barchia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New South ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Nutrient Loss ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

South Wales ◽

Coastal Soils ◽

C And N ◽

Initial Difference ◽

Biosolids Compost

The study compares the effects of biosolids compost (BC) and inorganic fertiliser (IF) on the nutrient status of a clay loam at Rydalmere in Western Sydney, and an earthy sand at Somersby, 85 km north of Sydney. The soils represent the textural range used for vegetable production in the Sydney Basin of New South Wales. The soils had been under permanent sod (Rydalmere) or native vegetation (Somersby) for at 40 years prior to the experiment. There were 3 treatments during February 1994: IF, fallow (F), and BC. The same plots were treated again during September 1994 to give the combinations: IF followed by IF (IF + IF); F by BC (F + BC); BC by BC (BC + BC). The 4 replicates of each treatment were randomised in blocks. Treatments were incorporated into raised beds to a depth of 15 cm and vegetables were planted in March and again in October 1994. The total amounts of C and N initially present in the soil in the beds (0-15 cm) at Rydalmere were at least 3 times greater than at Somersby and the ratio was greater for S, P, Ca, Mg, K, and Na. By April 1995, the quantities of the 8 monitored nutrients had decreased at both sites for the IF + IF treatment; increased at Somersby, but not at Rydalmere for F + BC; and increased at both sites for the BC + BC treatment. The changes caused by the BC + BC treatment were greater in relative terms at Somersby, because of the initial difference in fertility between the 2 soils. For example, the C and N content increased by an approximate factor of 2 at Somersby, and by greater factors for the other elements. BC + BC was also the only treatment to increase other indices of fertility, such as effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and Bray-P, in the surface 15 cm. The treatments did not affect pH in the soil profile (0-50 cm) and increases in EC were ephemeral. The nutrient composition of the 20-30 cm zone was affected at both sites. By the end of the experiment the concentration of C, N, P, Ca, and Bray-P increased and Mg decreased. For C and N between-treatment differences were small, indicating that the observed effects were mostly caused by leaching of the products of mineralisation of soil organic matter. Treatment effects were larger for P, Ca, Mg, and Bray-P, and the final concentrations for the F + BC and BC + BC treatments exceeded those for the IF + IF treatment. At Somersby, both BC treatments increased ECEC, consistent with the importance of leaching as a process of nutrient loss at this site. Consequently, intensive vegetable cropping may pose serious environmental risks particularly on sandy sites.

Download Full-text

Phosphocreatine kinetics at the onset of contractions in skeletal muscle of MM creatine kinase knockout mice

AJP Cell Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpcell.00210.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 283 (6) ◽

pp. C1776-C1783 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Brian B. Roman ◽

Ronald A. Meyer ◽

Robert W. Wiseman

Keyword(s):

Creatine Kinase ◽

Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽

Intracellular Ph ◽

Detectable Change ◽

Wild Type ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

Initial Difference ◽

Isometric Twitch ◽

Gastrocnemius Muscles

Phosphocreatine (PCr) depletion during isometric twitch stimulation at 5 Hz was measured by31P-NMR spectroscopy in gastrocnemius muscles of pentobarbital-anesthetized MM creatine kinase knockout (MMKO) vs. wild-type C57B (WT) mice. PCr depletion after 2 s of stimulation, estimated from the difference between spectra gated to times 200 ms and 140 s after 2-s bursts of contractions, was 2.2 ± 0.6% of initial PCr in MMKO muscle vs. 9.7 ± 1.6% in WT muscles (mean ± SE, n = 7, P < 0.001). Initial PCr/ATP ratio and intracellular pH were not significantly different between groups, and there was no detectable change in intracellular pH or ATP in either group after 2 s. The initial difference in net PCr depletion was maintained during the first minute of continuous 5-Hz stimulation. However, there was no significant difference in the quasi-steady-state PCr level approached after 80 s (MMKO 36.1 ± 3.5 vs. WT 35.5 ± 4.4% of initial PCr; n = 5–6). A kinetic model of ATPase, creatine kinase, and adenylate kinase fluxes during stimulation was consistent with the observed PCr depletion in MMKO muscle after 2 s only if ADP-stimulated oxidative phosphorylation was included in the model. Taken together, the results suggest that cytoplasmic ADP more rapidly increases and oxidative phosphorylation is more rapidly activated at the onset of contractions in MMKO compared with WT muscles.

Download Full-text

Mechanical, Thermal and Electrical Characteristics of Conventionally Cast and Cold-Rolled 5754-Sc-Zr Aluminium Alloy

Diffusion Foundations ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.22.55 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 55-64

Author(s):

Martin Vlach ◽

Veronika Kodetová ◽

Hana Kudrnová ◽

Michal Leibner ◽

Marián Vlček ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cold Rolling ◽

Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽

Residual Resistivity ◽

Precipitation Process ◽

Residual Resistivity Ratio ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Resistivity Ratio ◽

Cold Rolled ◽

Initial Difference ◽

C 30

The effect of cold-rolling on mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties as well as microstructure behaviour of the Al-2.93wt.%Mg-0.34wt.%Mn-0.33wt.%Si-0.22wt.%Fe-0.19wt.%Cr-0.24wt.%Sc-0.06wt.%Zr was studied. The material was investigated during step-by-step isochronal annealing in a temperature range from room temperature up to 540 °C and during isothermal annealing at 200, 450 and 550 °C. Precipitation reactions were studied by electrical resistometry, conductivity, (micro) hardness measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. The hardening effect appears due to the additional precipitation of the Al3Sc and/or Al3(Sc,Zr) particles. The distinct changes in residual resistivity ratio above ~ 330 °C are probably caused by precipitation of the Mn (,Fe,Cr)-containing particles. This precipitation process is highly influenced by cold rolling but it has a negligible effect on hardness. The apparent activation energy values for additional formation of the Al3Sc and/or Al3(Sc,Zr) particles were determined. The kinetics of the Al3(Sc,Zr)-phase precipitation seems to be independent of Mn-and Mg-addition in the studied alloys. A partial recrystallization of the cold-rolled alloy was registered by electron backscatter diffraction after annealing at 550 °C. The initial difference in microhardness introduced by cold rolling is almost removed after annealing at 550 °C/30 min.

Download Full-text

Convergent Approximations of Problems of Impulsively Loaded Structures

Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1115/1.3408965 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 852-860 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H.-S. Ho

Keyword(s):

Initial Conditions ◽

Admissible Solution ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Strong Discontinuities ◽

Simple Mode ◽

Perfectly Plastic ◽

Initial Difference ◽

Impulsive Loadings ◽

Convergent Solution ◽

General Time

For a dynamically loaded system made of stable materials, it is found that a dynamically admissible solution, one that satisfies all but the initial conditions, is a definitely convergent solution in time, with geometry changes and discontinuities taken into account. A new and simpler definition for weak and strong discontinuities is proposed. Solutions using simple mode approximations or the more general time-dependent changing mode approximations are described. For rigid, perfectly plastic beams under impulsive loadings, the latter method indeed gives better results, as there are more parameters available to optimize the initial difference energy.

Download Full-text

Urea synthesis in freshly isolated and in cultured periportal and perivenous hepatocytes

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2390263 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 239 (2) ◽

pp. 263-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

A R Pösö ◽

K E Penttilä ◽

E M Suolinna ◽

K O Lindros

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Primary Culture ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Cell Types ◽

Urea Synthesis ◽

Key Enzyme ◽

Collagenase Perfusion ◽

Initial Difference ◽

Intracellular Proteolysis

Periportal hepatocytes isolated by digitonin/collagenase perfusion produced urea faster than did similarly prepared perivenous hepatocytes, in both the presence and the absence of amino acids and various urea precursors. There was no difference between the two cell types in rates of intracellular proteolysis. The initial difference in urea synthesis persisted for 5 days during primary culture, but then gradually disappeared. Our results demonstrate that the periportal dominance of urea formation is unrelated to the currently existing acinar microenvironment in the intact liver, but probably reflects differences in acinar key enzyme activities only slowly converging during culture.

Download Full-text

Utilization of old meadow by reindeer in spring in northern Norway

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.19.1.291 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 3 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Svein M. Eilertsen ◽

Ivar Schjelderup ◽

Svein D. Mathiesen

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Plant Production ◽

Northern Norway ◽

Daily Food ◽

Grazing Period ◽

The Difference ◽

Initial Difference

<p>Utilization of abandoned coastal meadows in northern Norway by reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were investigated for 25 days in spring 1996 (« = 12, 40-57 kg body mass (BM)) and 24 days in 1997 (» = 12, 39-61 kg BM). Grass production on grazed and ungrazed meadow was measured both years. Faecal dry matter (DM) production and ruminai in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) of selected plants were measured in the reindeer 15-22 days after the grazing experiment started each year. During the grazing period mean, standard deviation (s), temperature was 8.7, s = 2.8, °C in 1996 and 11.0, s = 3.0, °C in 1997, while temperature the first week was significantly higher in 1997 (P < 0.05). Mean herbage mass, on ungrazed meadow (control), after one week of plant growth in 1996 (408, J" = 166, kg DM ha"1) was significantly different (P < 0.05) from 1997 (576, s = 110, kg DM ha'). We believe the low temperature the first week in 1996 affected the plant production, and was the main reason for the significant (P < 0.05) difference in mean daily plant DM production on the grazed meadow between 1996 (57, s = 16, kg DM ha') and 1997 (81, s = 16, kg DM ha"1). Mean ruminai IVDMD of a mixture of meadow plants, differed (P<0.05) between 1996 (72.4, s = 1.0, %) and 1997 (83.9, s = 1.3, %), and mean daily food intake in 1996 (82, s = 13.5, g DM/kg0 75) was significantly lower than the intake in 1997 (131, s = 15.8, g DM/kg0 75). Daily digestible energy intake in reindeer was estimated to 0.96 Ml/kg07"5 X d 1 in 1996 and 1.85 Ml/kg""5 X d"1 in 1997, which was 1.3 and 2.5 times the resting metabolic rate in reindeer, respectively. We therefore assume the difference in food intake could be due to the initial difference in herbage mass.</p>

Download Full-text